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期望值 目录 数学定义 性质 期望值的运用 參考文獻 导航菜单期望值(EV):每位玩家都需具备的基本博彩概念| 游戏Bar – 您最专业的游戏知识库

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期望值




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在概率论和统计学中,一个离散性随机变量的期望值(或数学期望、或均值,亦简称期望,物理学中称为期待值)是试验中每次可能的结果乘以其结果概率的总和。换句话说,期望值像是随机试验在同样的机会下重复多次,所有那些可能狀態平均的结果,便基本上等同“期望值”所期望的數。需要注意的是,期望值并不一定等同于常识中的“期望”——“期望值”也许与每一个结果都不相等。(换句话说,期望值是该变量输出值的平均数。期望值并不一定包含于变量的输出值集合裡。)


例如,掷一枚公平的六面骰子,其每次「點數」的期望值是3.5,计算如下:


E⁡(X)=1⋅16+2⋅16+3⋅16+4⋅16+5⋅16+6⋅16=1+2+3+4+5+66=3.5displaystyle beginalignedoperatorname E (X)&=1cdot frac 16+2cdot frac 16+3cdot frac 16+4cdot frac 16+5cdot frac 16+6cdot frac 16\[6pt]&=frac 1+2+3+4+5+66=3.5endaligned

不過如上所說明的,3.5雖是「點數」的期望值,但卻不属于可能结果中的任一个,沒有可能擲出此點數。


赌博是期望值的一种常见应用。例如,美国的轮盘中常用的轮盘上有38个数字,每一个数字被选中的概率都是相等的。赌注一般押在其中某一个数字上,如果轮盘的输出值和这个数字相等,那么下赌者可以获得相当于赌注35倍的奖金(原注不包含在内),若输出值和下压数字不同,则赌注就输掉了。考虑到38种所有的可能结果,然後這裡我們的設定的期望目標是「贏錢」,則因此,討論贏或輸兩種預想狀態的話,以1美元赌注押一个数字上,則获利的期望值为:贏的「概率38分之1,能獲得35元」,加上“輸1元的情況37種”,结果约等于-0.0526美元。也就是说,平均起来每赌1美元就会输掉0.0526美元,即美式轮盘以1美元作赌注的期望值为負0.0526美元




目录





  • 1 数学定义


  • 2 性质


  • 3 期望值的运用


  • 4 參考文獻




数学定义


如果Xdisplaystyle X是在概率空间(Ω,F,P)displaystyle (Omega ,F,P)中的随机变量,那么它的期望值E⁡(X)displaystyle operatorname E (X)的定义是:


E⁡(X)=∫ΩXdPdisplaystyle operatorname E (X)=int _Omega X,mathrm d P

并不是每一个随机变量都有期望值的,因为有的时候上述积分不存在。


如果两个随机变量的分布相同,则它们的期望值也相同。


如果Xdisplaystyle X离散的随机变量,输出值为x1,x2,…displaystyle x_1,x_2,ldots ,和输出值相应的概率为p1,p2,…displaystyle p_1,p_2,ldots (概率和为1)。


级数∑ipixidisplaystyle sum _ip_ix_i绝对收敛,那么期望值E⁡(X)displaystyle operatorname E (X)是一个无限数列的和。


E⁡(X)=∑ipixidisplaystyle operatorname E (X)=sum _ip_ix_i

上面赌博的例子就是用这种方法求出期望值的。如果Xdisplaystyle X连续的随机变量,存在一个相应的概率密度函数f(x)displaystyle f(x),若积分∫−∞∞xf(x)dxdisplaystyle int _-infty ^infty xf(x),mathrm d x绝对收敛,那么Xdisplaystyle X的期望值可以计算为:



E⁡(X)=∫−∞∞xf(x)dxdisplaystyle operatorname E (X)=int _-infty ^infty xf(x),mathrm d x

是针对于连续的随机变量的,与离散随机变量的期望值的算法同出一辙,由于输出值是连续的,所以把求和改成了积分。



性质


  • 期望值Edisplaystyle E是线性函数。
    E⁡(aX+bY)=aE⁡(X)+bE⁡(Y)displaystyle operatorname E (aX+bY)=aoperatorname E (X)+boperatorname E (Y)


    Xdisplaystyle XYdisplaystyle Y为在同一概率空间的两个随机变量(可以独立或者非独立),adisplaystyle abdisplaystyle b为任意实数。


  • 一般的说,一个随机变量的函数的期望值并不等于这个随机变量的期望值的函数。
    E⁡(g(X))=∫Ωg(x)f(x)dx≠g(E⁡(X))displaystyle operatorname E (g(X))=int _Omega g(x)f(x),mathrm d xneq g(operatorname E (X))

  • 一般情况下,两个随机变量的积的期望值不等于这两个随机变量的期望值的积
    E⁡(XY)=E⁡(X)E⁡(Y)displaystyle operatorname E (XY)=operatorname E (X)operatorname E (Y)成立时,随机变量Xdisplaystyle XYdisplaystyle Y的协方差为0,又称它们不相关。特别的,当两个随机变量独立时,它们协方差(若存在)为0。


期望值的运用


在统计学中,估算变量的期望值时,经常用到的方法是重复测量此变量的值,再用所得数据的平均值来估计此变量的期望值。


在概率分布中,期望值和方差或标准差是一种分布的重要特征。


在古典力学中,物体重心的算法与期望值的算法十分近似。


在賭博中,期望值又稱預期值長期效果值合理價值期待值,都能完全貼和,而其計算的方式為:



EVdisplaystyle mathrm EV (期望值)=displaystyle =勝的概率×displaystyle times 獲勝的籌碼−displaystyle -輸的概率×displaystyle times 輸掉的籌碼[1]

期望值也可以通过方差计算公式来计算方差:


Var⁡(X)=E⁡(X2)−E⁡(X)2displaystyle operatorname Var (X)=operatorname E (X^2)-operatorname E (X)^2


參考文獻




  1. ^ 期望值(EV):每位玩家都需具备的基本博彩概念| 游戏Bar – 您最专业的游戏知识库. [2019-02-26] (中文(中国大陆)‎). 





取自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=期望值&oldid=54043655”










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