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Optiniai prietaisai


optinismikroskopijaŽmogaus akisskiriamąją gebąląsteliųkristalų1595NyderlanduoseRobertas Hukas16351703difrakcijos










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Mikroskopas




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Disambig.svgŠis straipsnis apie prietaisą. Apie žvaigždyną skaitykite straipsnyje Mikroskopas (žvaigždynas).


Įprastinis optinis mikroskopas
ir jo pagrindinės dalys.




Stereomikroskopas


Mikroskopas (iš graikų mikrós: mažas; skopein: stebėti) yra optinis prietaisas skirtas stipriai padidintam, plika akim neįžiūrimų objektų (arba jų struktūros detalių), vaizdui gauti. Mažų objektų tyrimo mokslas vadinamas mikroskopija.


Žmogaus akis sudaro tam tikrą optinę sistemą, kuri turi atitinkamą skiriamąją gebą, t. y., mažiausią atstumą tarp stebimo objekto elementų, kur tie elementai dar gali būti atskiriami vienas nuo kito. Normali akis per optimaliausią atstumą atitraukta nuo objekto turi apie 0,025 mm skiriamąją gebą (o daugelio žmonių – apie 0,20 mm). Mikroorganizmų, daugelio augalų ir gyvūnų ląstelių, smulkių kristalų, metalų ir lydinių mikrostruktūros detalės ir kt. yra žymiai mažesnio dydžio. Tokių objektų stebėjimui ir tyrimui pritaikyti įvairių tipų mikroskopai. Mikroskopu nustatoma forma, dydis, sandara ir daugelis kitų mikroobjektų charakteristikų. Mikroskopas leidžia skirti struktūras su atstumais tarp jų elementų iki 0,98 µ m.


Mikroskopai skirstomi į tokias grupes:


  • optiniai nešiojamieji mikroskopai

  • stereoskopiniai mikroskopai

  • lazeriniai (lazeriu apšviečiami) mikroskopai

  • elektroniniai mikroskopai (apšviečiami elektronų srautu)

  • plazminiai mikroskopai (apšviečiami protonų srautu)


Istorija |


Pirmojo mikroskopo išradimas paprastai priskiriamas Zacharijui Jansenui, kuris pirmąjį mikroskopą sukonstravo apie 1595 metus Nyderlanduose. Kadangi Zacharijus tuo metu buvo labai jaunas, manoma, kad pirmąjį mikroskopą galėjo sukurti jo tėvas Hansas. Šis pirmasis Jansenų sukurtas sudėtinis mikroskopas buvo paprastas vamzdelis su lęšiais abiejuose galuose. Prie pirmųjų mikroskopų tobulinimo prisidėjo ir anglų išradėjas Robertas Hukas (Robert Hooke, 1635–1703). Tokie pirmieji mikroskopai didino nuo 3 iki 9 kartų. Šiuolaikiniai tokio tipo mikroskopai didina virš 400 kartų. Optinio mikroskopo didinimo galimybes riboja difrakcijos fenomenas.



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