Hadubini Yaliyomo Hadubini maonzi na hadubini elektronia | Historia ya hadubini | Picha | Sehemu | Marejeo | Viungo vya nje | Tazama pia | UrambazajiUnder the Microscope: A Hidden World Revealed, by Jeremy Burgess, Michael Marten, 1990 , uk 186 (ilitazamiwa kupitia google books Novemba 2015)Scanning electron microscopekuihariri na kuongeza habari
Pages using ISBN magic linksMbegu za sayansiSayansiTeknolojia
kifaasayansiutafitijichobinadamuhadubini maonzilenzikiolwaMuundodarubinikimaumbileteknolojiahadubini elektroniaelektroninurumolekulimiwanidarubiniGalileo GalileiAntoni van LeeuwenhoekbakteriaprotozoaErnst Abbeurefu wa wimbimikromitananomitavirusiatomi
Hadubini
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Hadubini (pia: darubini ya vidudu) ni kifaa cha kutazama vitu vidogo sana. Ni chombo muhimu cha sayansi kwa utafiti wa vitu ambavyo ni vidogo mno kwa jicho la binadamu.
Yaliyomo
1 Hadubini maonzi na hadubini elektronia
2 Historia ya hadubini
3 Picha
4 Sehemu
5 Marejeo
6 Viungo vya nje
7 Tazama pia
Hadubini maonzi na hadubini elektronia |
Hadubini ya kawaida (hadubini maonzi) huwa na lenzi zinazokuza kiolwa kinachowekwa chini yake. Kwa kawaida kuna lenzi kadhaa zenye viwango tofauti vya kukuza. Muundo wake hufanana na darubini lakini unaangalia vitu kwa karibu ambavyo ni vidogo kimaumbile. Darubini inaangalia violwa vya mbali vinayoonekana vidogo kutokana na umbali.
Uwezo wa hadubini ya kawaida ni kukuza hadi mara 1,500.
Kwa utafiti wa vitu vidogo zaidi kuna teknolojia ya hadubini elektronia. Kifaa hiki hutumia elektroni badala ya nuru kwa utafiti wake na kuwezesha kutazama yaliyomo ya molekuli.
Historia ya hadubini |
Uwezo wa lenzi ya kukuza kitu kinachotazamiwa kwake ulijulikana tangu kale. Tangu mwaka 1280 BK hivi [1] mafundi nchini Italia walianza kutengeneza miwani ya kwanza. Ufundi wa lenzi na miwani ulienea polepole katika nchi mbalimbali za Ulaya hadi kupata lenzi bora zaidi. Mnamo mwaka 1600 mafundi nchini Uholanzi walifaulu kuunganisha lenzi mbili katika bomba na hivyo kuunda hadubini na darubini za kwanza; ugunduzi huu ulitumiwa maka michache baadaye na Galileo Galilei aliyefahamisha vifaa hizi kwa jumuiya ya wataalamu. Mwitalia Francesco Stelluti alichora mnamo 1630 mwili na miguu ya nyuki alizotazama katika hadubini yake; mnamo mwaka 1675 Mholanzi Antoni van Leeuwenhoek aliboresha lenzi zaidi akawa mtu wa kwanza aliyeona na kutoa wasifu wa bakteria na protozoa ndani ya tone la maji akitumia kifaa chenye lenzi 1 tu.[2].
Hadubini ziliboreshwa polepole kwa kutumia maarifa ya mafundi lakini bado zilikuwa na kasoro nyingi kutokana na kasoro za vioo vilivyotumiwa kwa lenzi. Mjerumani Ernst Abbe alikuwa mtaalamu wa kwanza aliyetumia kanuni za fizikia zilizojulikana katika nusu ya pili ya karne ya 19 kubuni hadubini zilizoweza kukuza violwa zaidi ya mara 1000 moja. Hapo aliunda mfumo wa hadubini maonzi (= zinzotumia nuru) yanayotengenezwa hadi leo.
Uwezo wa hadubini maonzi kukuza kitu una mpaka ambao ni urefu wa wimbi mdogo zaidi wa nuru tunayoona. Kwa hiyo hadubini maonzi inaweza kuonyesha violwa hadi mikromita 2 tu; chini yake haiwezekani.
Tangu miaka ya 1930 wataalamu walianza utafiti wa kuunda hadubini elektronia zinazoweza kuangalia vitu vidogo zaidi. Sababu yake ni ya kwamba nururisho ya elektroni ina urefu wa wimbo mdogo kushinda. Mjerumani Ernst Ruska (1906–1988) alifaulu kuonyesha ya kwamba kwa njia hii inawezekana kukuza kiolwa zaidi; leo hii hadubini elektronia zinafikia kiwango cha mara milioni mbili yaani hadi 0,05 nanomita. Hivyo inawezekana kuangalia hata muundo wa virusi na ndani ya atomi.
Picha |
Laboratory microscope
Binocular laboratory microscope
Microscope binoviewers
Stereo-microscope
Microscope objectives
Microscope objectives
Microscope objectives
Microscope eyepieces
Microscope measuring eyepiece
Stereo-microscope eyepiece
Microscope eyepiece
Microscope eyepiece
Sehemu |
Marejeo |
↑ Glick, Thomas F.; Steven John Livesey; Faith Wallis (2005). Medieval science, technology, and medicine: an encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-415-96930-7.
↑ Under the Microscope: A Hidden World Revealed, by Jeremy Burgess, Michael Marten, 1990 , uk 186 (ilitazamiwa kupitia google books Novemba 2015)
Viungo vya nje |
- Scanning electron microscope
Tazama pia |
- Darubini
Makala hii kuhusu mambo ya sayansi bado ni mbegu. Je, unajua kitu kuhusu Hadubini kama historia yake au mahusiano yake na mada nyingine? Labda unaona habari katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari. |
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