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OSI模型




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开放式系统互联参考模型英语:Open System Interconnection Reference Model,縮寫:OSI;簡稱為OSI模型)是一種概念模型,由国际标准化组织提出,一个试图使各种计算机在世界范围内互连为网络的标准框架。定義於ISO/IEC 7498-1。




目录





  • 1 历史


  • 2 层次划分

    • 2.1 第7層 應用層


    • 2.2 第6層 表達层


    • 2.3 第5層 會議層


    • 2.4 第4層 傳輸層


    • 2.5 第3層 網路層


    • 2.6 第2層 数据链路层


    • 2.7 第1層 實體層



  • 3 影响


  • 4 參見


  • 5 参考文献




历史


在制定计算机网络标准方面,起着重大作用的两大国际组织是:國際電信聯盟電信標準化部門,与国际标准组织(ISO),虽然它们工作领域不同,但随着科学技术的发展,通信与信息处理之间的界限开始变得比较模糊,这也成了國際電信聯盟電信標準化部門和ISO共同关心的领域。1984年,ISO发布了著名的ISO/IEC 7498标准,它定义了网络互联的7层框架,也就是开放式系统互联参考模型。



层次划分


根据建议X.200,OSI将计算机网络体系结构划分为以下七层,标有1~7,第1层在底部。
現“OSI/RM”是英文“Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model”的缩写。



第7層 應用層



應用層(Application Layer)提供為應用軟件而設的接口,以設定與另一應用軟件之間的通訊。例如: HTTP,HTTPS,FTP,TELNET,SSH,SMTP,POP3.HTML.等。



第6層 表達层



表達层(Presentation Layer)把數據轉換為能與接收者的系統格式兼容並適合傳輸的格式。



第5層 會議層



會議層(Session Layer)負責在數據傳輸中設定和維護電腦網絡中兩台電腦之間的通訊連接。



第4層 傳輸層



傳輸層(Transport Layer)把傳輸表頭(TH)加至數據以形成數據包。傳輸表頭包含了所使用的協定等傳送資訊。例如:傳輸控制協定(TCP)等。



第3層 網路層



網路層(Network Layer)決定數據的路徑選擇和轉寄,将網絡表頭(NH)加至數據包,以形成封包。網絡表頭包含了網絡資料。例如:互聯網協定(IP)等。



第2層 数据链路层



数据链路层(Data Link Layer)負責網絡尋址、錯誤偵測和改錯。當表頭和表尾被加至數據包時,會形成幀。數據鏈表頭(DLH)是包含了實體位址和錯誤偵測及改錯的方法。數據鏈表尾(DLT)是一串指示數據包末端的字符串。例如乙太網、無線局域网(Wi-Fi)和通用分組無線服務(GPRS)等。


分为两个子层:逻辑链路控制(logical link control,LLC)子层和介质访问控制(Medium access control,MAC)子层。



第1層 實體層



實體層(Physical Layer)在局部區域網絡上傳送数据帧(data frame),它負責管理電腦通訊設備和網絡媒體之間的互通。包括了針腳、電壓、線纜規範、集線器、中繼器、網卡、主機介面卡等。



影响


OSI是一个定义良好的协议规范集,并有许多可选部分完成类似的任务。它定义了开放系统的层次结构、层次之间的相互关系以及各层所包括的可能的任务,作为一个框架来协调和组织各层所提供的服务。


OSI参考模型并没有提供一个可以实现的方法,而是描述了一些概念,用来协调进程间通信标准的制定。即OSI参考模型并不是一个标准,而是一个在制定标准时所使用的概念性框架。



參見



  • DoD模型(Department of Defense Model)四層是為了ARPANET所開發出來的模型。

  • 網路傳輸協議


  • TCP/IP,与OSI模型有类似结构的现行网络模型


参考文献


  • 计算机网络(第三版)(Computer Networks, Third Edition, Andrew S. Tanenbaum) 熊桂喜 王小虎 译,清华大学出版社,ISBN 7-302-03035-9



取自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OSI模型&oldid=55599733”













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