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Elektroliz




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Elektroliz (elektro... va ...liz) - qizdirib suyuqlantirilgan elektrolit yoki uning suvdagi eritmasi orqali oʻzgarmas elektr toki oʻtganida elektrodlarda sodir boʻladigan oksidlanishqaytarilish jarayonlari. E.ning mohiyati kimyoviy reaksiyani elektr energiyasi hisobiga amalga oshirishdan iborat. Elektr toki berilganda ionlarning elektron qabul qilish yoki elektron berish hodisasi birlamchi jarayonni tashkil qiladi. Bu jarayon natijasida koʻpincha E.ning dastlabki mahsulotlari hosil boʻladi. E. mahsulotlari sof holda ajralib chiqishi yoki erituvchi bilan oʻzaro kimyoviy reaksiyaga kirishishi mumkin. Ikkinchi holda E.ning ikkilamchi mahsulotlari hosil boʻladi. Qizdirib suyuklantirilgan elektrolitlar E. qilinganida faqat birlamchi mahsulotlar chiqadi. Elektrolitlarning suvdagi eritmalarida E. ancha murakkab boradi, chunki koʻpincha ikkilamchi jarayonlar sodir boʻladi. Umuman E. jarayonining borishi va E. oxirida qanday mahsulotlar hosil boʻlishi birlamchi mahsulotlar, erituvchi tabiati, elektrodlarning qanday materialdan yasalgani, tra, elektrodlardagi tokning zichligi va h.k.ga bogʻliq. Katod, yaʼni doimiy tok manbaining manfiy qutbiga ulangan elektrod qaytaruvchilik rolini bajaradi, anod esa (yaʼni manbaning musbat qutbiga ulangan elektrod) oksidlovchi sifatida xizmat qiladi. Elektrodlarda ajralib chiqadigan moddalarning massalari, tok kuchi va E. davom etadigan vaqt orasida matematik tenglamalar bilan ifodalanadigan bogʻlanishlar mavjud (qarang Faradey qonunlari).


E. sanoatning turli sohalarida keng qoʻllanadi. Kimyo sanoatida xlor va ishqorlar olishda, xlorat, perxlorat, persulfat kislota, kaliy permanganat, sof holdagi vodorod, ftor va boshqalar qimmatli mahsulotlar hosil qilishda, rangli metallurgiyada metallarni rafinatsiyalasht E.dan foydalaniladi. Turli metallarning birikmalarini qizdirib suyuqlantirib, E. yordamida oʻsha metallar ajratib olinadi. Mashinasozlik, radiotexnika, elektronika, poligrafiya sanoatlarida turli buyumlar sirtini metallar bilan qoplashda va boshqalarda E. qoʻllanadi.








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