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Keemilised reaktsioonidKütusedKeemiatööstus


ainetemperatuurilõhuvedelkütuseidtermolüüsiorgaanilist ainetkeemiatööstuseskrakkiminekuivdestillatsioondestruktiivne destillatsioonreaktsioonidsüsinikuskeletifunktsionaalrühmadeveeammoniaagisüsinikmonooksiidisüsinikdioksiidipolümerisatsioonkondensatsioonisomerisatsioonvesinikuLooduslikmaapõuesrõhuanaeroobsetesmetaanmaagaaskaevandusgaaskildagaasantratsiitpruunsüsinaftaKõrgmolekulaarsete aineteanalüüsilpürolüüsikromatograafiagaasikromatograafiplasttekstiilvedelkütusmolekulidlenduvadHüdropürolüüstermiline lagundaminepihustuspürolüüsiksKütustebiomassiõlisünergiafaktori












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Pürolüüs on aine muundumine kõrgel temperatuuril ilma õhu juurdepääsuta (või vähese õhu juuresolekul). Võimaldab toota vedelkütuseid.


Pürolüüs on ainete termolüüsi tööstuslik rakendamine enamasti orgaanilist ainet sisaldavate materjalide korral. Pürolüüsiks nimetatakse tihti ka mitmeid teisi keemiatööstuses kasutatavaid kõrgetemperatuurseid protsesse nagu krakkimine, kuivdestillatsioon või destruktiivne destillatsioon.


Orgaaniliste ühendite pürolüüsi peamised reaktsioonid on molekulide süsinikuskeleti lõhustumine (destruktsioon), funktsionaalrühmade täielik või osaline eraldumine (sellega kaasneb vee, ammoniaagi, süsinikmonooksiidi, süsinikdioksiidi jm lihtsamate ühendite moodustumine), lähtemolekulide ja nende fragmentide polümerisatsioon või kondensatsioon, lähteaine ja lõhustumisproduktide isomerisatsioon, vesiniku ümberjaotumine või eraldumine jm.


Looduslik orgaanilise aine pürolüüs esineb sügaval maapõues, kus lagunemine toimub kuumuse ja rõhu mõjul anaeroobsetes tingimustes pika aja jooksul ning tulemusena eraldub valdavalt metaan. Nii moodustuvad gaasilised produktid (maagaas, kaevandusgaas,
kildagaas) ning maasügavusse jääb tahke jääk (antratsiit, pruunsüsi ja meresetete korral ka veest kergemad vedelad produktid nagu nafta).


Kõrgmolekulaarsete ainete analüüsil on üks laialtkasutatav meetod pürolüüsikromatograafia. Siin enne gaasikromatograafi kolonni sisenemist proov (plast, tekstiil, vedelkütus jm) kiiresti kuumutatakse, nii et suured molekulid lagunevad andes väiksemad lenduvad komponendid, mis edasi lahutatakse kolonnis ja saadakse materjalile iseloomulik pilt.


Hüdropürolüüs on orgaanilise aine termiline lagundamine kõrgel temperatuuril vee juuresolekul.


Pürolüüsi, millele eelneb pürolüüsitava aine pihustamine aerosooliks, nimetatakse pihustuspürolüüsiks.


Kütuste ja biomassi koospürolüüsil on täheldatud produktide (õli või muud) sünergiafaktori muutust [Johannes I., Palu V. Oil Shale 2013, 30(4)].



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