For example, is a Black Dragonborn able to use its Breath Weapon, in this case, of acid type, to corrode walls, doors, objects, etc?

I'm asking this because when it comes to spells, they don't affect the environment unless it is specifically said so.

RAW - No, it only affects creatures

The Dragonborn race feature breath weapon is specific in what things it damages (my emphasis):

When you use your breath weapon, each creature in the area of the exhalation

There is no language in this that suggests it would affect objects. You can compare this against spells like fireball which state:

It ignites flammable objects in the area that aren't being worn or carried.

Also note that the spell dragon's breath contains the same limitation as the breath weapon for the race with no allowance for object damage.

But what if?

The problem with allowing it is you've now increased the ability of the feature, and possibly of the similar spell effect that emulates the racial ability. Is it always on like fireball? Do they get to choose? Allowing this as a creative use will be up to a DM to determine, but doing so may raise questions rather than solve problems.

The Dragonborn's Breath Weapon has similar verbiage:

When you use your breath weapon, each creature in the area of the exhalation must make a saving throw, the type of which is determined by your draconic ancestry. ...[snip]... A creature takes 2d6 damage on a failed save, and half as much damage on a successful one.

Per a strict reading of RAW, the Dragonborn's Breath Weapon does NOT deal damage to objects.

Rules as Fun/Common Sense, however differ, in this DM's humble opinion. If a Dragonborn in my game wants to use their 1/rest resource to target and damage an/some object, then so-be-it. I wouldn't allow it to be used to damage attended/worn objects and it wouldn't change how spells interact with objects.

As written, it wouldn't. This could be justified by a DM by saying that the type of acid only affects living matter.

As intended, I also believe it would not; they never intended it to have such additional uses.

As a DM, I would almost for sure house-rule that it does; it can add some fun RP and out of combat uses. Like a red dragon born using the breadth to start a campfire. Perhaps the acid being used to slowly eat through a lock. Mechanically not really any benefit over say dealing damage to the lock multiple times with a rock, but kind of fun thematically.