What is the difference and relation between chanda and cetana?How is the “self” able to recognize the interplay between the cognitive process and “desire”?Is there are difference between 'self' & 'soul' in Buddhism?What is the Difference between Desire and Compulsion?What does the term 'Sammasambuddha' mean?What is the difference between householder and renunciation equanimity?Difference between desire (chanda) and craving (tanha)?Difference between “perception” and “view”?Did the Buddha have intention (cetana)?How do you balance your desire for liberation with your wordly desires?Please explain joy and/or the Kimatthiyasutta
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What is the difference and relation between chanda and cetana?
How is the “self” able to recognize the interplay between the cognitive process and “desire”?Is there are difference between 'self' & 'soul' in Buddhism?What is the Difference between Desire and Compulsion?What does the term 'Sammasambuddha' mean?What is the difference between householder and renunciation equanimity?Difference between desire (chanda) and craving (tanha)?Difference between “perception” and “view”?Did the Buddha have intention (cetana)?How do you balance your desire for liberation with your wordly desires?Please explain joy and/or the Kimatthiyasutta
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In this website, it's stated that:
chanda:
intention, desire, will.
1. As an ethically neutral psychological term, in the sense of 'intention', it is one of those general mental factors (cetasika, q.v. Tab. II) taught in the Abhidhamma, the moral quality of which is determined by the character of the volition (cetanā) associated therewith.
However, I've seen in a lot of discussions and sutta translations that the word cetana is usually translated as intention, which also happens to be the word chosen as the rendering for chanda.
At first glance, I kind of understand this situation, mainly because how intertwined and related these two phenomena (chanda and cetana) seem to be. Sadly, I'm almost a complete ignorant in regard to pali issues (and dhamma matters in general, by the way), and so, I cannot comprehend the nuances that may differenciate these two processes.
What is the difference between chanda and cetana?
How do these two relate to each other?
If they are related, which one comes first, and which after?
Is one a condition for the other?
Thanks a lot, in advance, for your time and patience.
Kind regards!
pali desire intention
add a comment
|
In this website, it's stated that:
chanda:
intention, desire, will.
1. As an ethically neutral psychological term, in the sense of 'intention', it is one of those general mental factors (cetasika, q.v. Tab. II) taught in the Abhidhamma, the moral quality of which is determined by the character of the volition (cetanā) associated therewith.
However, I've seen in a lot of discussions and sutta translations that the word cetana is usually translated as intention, which also happens to be the word chosen as the rendering for chanda.
At first glance, I kind of understand this situation, mainly because how intertwined and related these two phenomena (chanda and cetana) seem to be. Sadly, I'm almost a complete ignorant in regard to pali issues (and dhamma matters in general, by the way), and so, I cannot comprehend the nuances that may differenciate these two processes.
What is the difference between chanda and cetana?
How do these two relate to each other?
If they are related, which one comes first, and which after?
Is one a condition for the other?
Thanks a lot, in advance, for your time and patience.
Kind regards!
pali desire intention
add a comment
|
In this website, it's stated that:
chanda:
intention, desire, will.
1. As an ethically neutral psychological term, in the sense of 'intention', it is one of those general mental factors (cetasika, q.v. Tab. II) taught in the Abhidhamma, the moral quality of which is determined by the character of the volition (cetanā) associated therewith.
However, I've seen in a lot of discussions and sutta translations that the word cetana is usually translated as intention, which also happens to be the word chosen as the rendering for chanda.
At first glance, I kind of understand this situation, mainly because how intertwined and related these two phenomena (chanda and cetana) seem to be. Sadly, I'm almost a complete ignorant in regard to pali issues (and dhamma matters in general, by the way), and so, I cannot comprehend the nuances that may differenciate these two processes.
What is the difference between chanda and cetana?
How do these two relate to each other?
If they are related, which one comes first, and which after?
Is one a condition for the other?
Thanks a lot, in advance, for your time and patience.
Kind regards!
pali desire intention
In this website, it's stated that:
chanda:
intention, desire, will.
1. As an ethically neutral psychological term, in the sense of 'intention', it is one of those general mental factors (cetasika, q.v. Tab. II) taught in the Abhidhamma, the moral quality of which is determined by the character of the volition (cetanā) associated therewith.
However, I've seen in a lot of discussions and sutta translations that the word cetana is usually translated as intention, which also happens to be the word chosen as the rendering for chanda.
At first glance, I kind of understand this situation, mainly because how intertwined and related these two phenomena (chanda and cetana) seem to be. Sadly, I'm almost a complete ignorant in regard to pali issues (and dhamma matters in general, by the way), and so, I cannot comprehend the nuances that may differenciate these two processes.
What is the difference between chanda and cetana?
How do these two relate to each other?
If they are related, which one comes first, and which after?
Is one a condition for the other?
Thanks a lot, in advance, for your time and patience.
Kind regards!
pali desire intention
pali desire intention
edited 12 hours ago
Brian Díaz Flores
asked 13 hours ago
Brian Díaz FloresBrian Díaz Flores
1,1141 gold badge3 silver badges10 bronze badges
1,1141 gold badge3 silver badges10 bronze badges
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2 Answers
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OP: What is the difference between chanda and cetana?
Chanda is the desire to act. E.g. if you stand from a seat you have to have the "intention" to do it, but can choose not to if you want


A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma
Cetana is volition. This is what makes you commit a certain course of action to realise a goal or a wish. E.g. I a feeling hungry hence I will to get up and go to the fridge to get some food.

A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma
OP: How do these two relate to each other?
Cetana is what pulls you in a certain direction in taking action. Chanda is the desire to do the act. E.g. (1) I am feeling hungry, but I am lazy to get up from bed. Here I have the intention but not the will to act. (2) I have money to buy a beggar or donate it to a beggar, but I choose to donate it. Here there is an intention to eat and donate but volition to donate.
Chanda is karmically neutral. Cetana is what decides the karma.
OP: If they are related, which one comes first, and which after?
They are present in the same mind moment if Chanda occurs. Cetana is a universal mental factor and is there in every mind moment. Chanda is an occasional factor hence there only in certain mind moments.
OP: Is one a condition for the other?
Cetana is the driving force which conditions chanda also.
Thanks for your answer! I have one more question, if you don't mind me asking: Would it be incorrect to say that "I" have the cetana of standing up from a seat, because my back is sore for being in the same position for a long time? In the examples you gave, I still see both terms as interchangeable. Kind regards!
– Brian Díaz Flores
12 hours ago
You can say this is cetana. It is easier if you have more than 1 choice of action with the intention to do both but you follow through with one, in which case it is what you have cetana is what you followed thought.
– Suminda Sirinath S. Dharmasena
12 hours ago
Thanks again! So, chanda comes first, and only then can cetana arise? Kind regards!
– Brian Díaz Flores
12 hours ago
2
Chanda is the desire component. The English word desire is also used for lobs. In unwholesome courses of action, this will occur. See: The 52 Mental Factors (cetasika)
– Suminda Sirinath S. Dharmasena
11 hours ago
1
@ChrisW Hi! I took that phrase from AN 8.83, where ot seems the word chanda is used to refer to the phenomena which is the "root of all things". Kins regards!
– Brian Díaz Flores
39 mins ago
|
show 6 more comments
When a puthujjana man sees a beautiful girl/lady, a passion or love brews in his heart. This motivating 'passion' or 'love' can be compared to 'chanda'.
Similarly, when the inner urge to end suffering manifests or the liberation & joy of The Path is experienced, a similar 'passion' or 'love' manifests. These are 'chanda'.
'Intention' includes making a decision to do something. 'Intention' is more within the sphere of 'thought' where as 'chanda' is more within the sphere of 'emotion'.
I imagine 'chanda' occurs before 'intention'. For example, you feel unhappy about life and something within you moves you to search for a solution. The 'emotion' or 'will to live/will to be happy' within you that moves you is 'chanda'. From this chanda you act to search for a solution. This decision to act is 'intention'.
SN 51.20 is about the Four Iddhipada. Here, 'chandha' occurs 1st and 'intention' ('citta') occurs later.
These four bases of power, when developed & pursued, are of great
fruit & great benefit. And how are the four bases of power developed &
pursued so as to be of great fruit & great benefit?
There is the case where a monk develops the base of power endowed with
concentration founded on desire (chando; zeal; enthusiasm)...
He develops the base of power endowed with concentration founded on
persistence (vīriya; energy)...
He develops the base of power endowed with concentration founded on
intent (citta; mind; mental development) ...
He develops the base of power endowed with concentration founded on
discrimination (vīmaṃsā; inquiry; investigation)...
SN 51.20
add a comment
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OP: What is the difference between chanda and cetana?
Chanda is the desire to act. E.g. if you stand from a seat you have to have the "intention" to do it, but can choose not to if you want


A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma
Cetana is volition. This is what makes you commit a certain course of action to realise a goal or a wish. E.g. I a feeling hungry hence I will to get up and go to the fridge to get some food.

A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma
OP: How do these two relate to each other?
Cetana is what pulls you in a certain direction in taking action. Chanda is the desire to do the act. E.g. (1) I am feeling hungry, but I am lazy to get up from bed. Here I have the intention but not the will to act. (2) I have money to buy a beggar or donate it to a beggar, but I choose to donate it. Here there is an intention to eat and donate but volition to donate.
Chanda is karmically neutral. Cetana is what decides the karma.
OP: If they are related, which one comes first, and which after?
They are present in the same mind moment if Chanda occurs. Cetana is a universal mental factor and is there in every mind moment. Chanda is an occasional factor hence there only in certain mind moments.
OP: Is one a condition for the other?
Cetana is the driving force which conditions chanda also.
Thanks for your answer! I have one more question, if you don't mind me asking: Would it be incorrect to say that "I" have the cetana of standing up from a seat, because my back is sore for being in the same position for a long time? In the examples you gave, I still see both terms as interchangeable. Kind regards!
– Brian Díaz Flores
12 hours ago
You can say this is cetana. It is easier if you have more than 1 choice of action with the intention to do both but you follow through with one, in which case it is what you have cetana is what you followed thought.
– Suminda Sirinath S. Dharmasena
12 hours ago
Thanks again! So, chanda comes first, and only then can cetana arise? Kind regards!
– Brian Díaz Flores
12 hours ago
2
Chanda is the desire component. The English word desire is also used for lobs. In unwholesome courses of action, this will occur. See: The 52 Mental Factors (cetasika)
– Suminda Sirinath S. Dharmasena
11 hours ago
1
@ChrisW Hi! I took that phrase from AN 8.83, where ot seems the word chanda is used to refer to the phenomena which is the "root of all things". Kins regards!
– Brian Díaz Flores
39 mins ago
|
show 6 more comments
OP: What is the difference between chanda and cetana?
Chanda is the desire to act. E.g. if you stand from a seat you have to have the "intention" to do it, but can choose not to if you want


A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma
Cetana is volition. This is what makes you commit a certain course of action to realise a goal or a wish. E.g. I a feeling hungry hence I will to get up and go to the fridge to get some food.

A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma
OP: How do these two relate to each other?
Cetana is what pulls you in a certain direction in taking action. Chanda is the desire to do the act. E.g. (1) I am feeling hungry, but I am lazy to get up from bed. Here I have the intention but not the will to act. (2) I have money to buy a beggar or donate it to a beggar, but I choose to donate it. Here there is an intention to eat and donate but volition to donate.
Chanda is karmically neutral. Cetana is what decides the karma.
OP: If they are related, which one comes first, and which after?
They are present in the same mind moment if Chanda occurs. Cetana is a universal mental factor and is there in every mind moment. Chanda is an occasional factor hence there only in certain mind moments.
OP: Is one a condition for the other?
Cetana is the driving force which conditions chanda also.
Thanks for your answer! I have one more question, if you don't mind me asking: Would it be incorrect to say that "I" have the cetana of standing up from a seat, because my back is sore for being in the same position for a long time? In the examples you gave, I still see both terms as interchangeable. Kind regards!
– Brian Díaz Flores
12 hours ago
You can say this is cetana. It is easier if you have more than 1 choice of action with the intention to do both but you follow through with one, in which case it is what you have cetana is what you followed thought.
– Suminda Sirinath S. Dharmasena
12 hours ago
Thanks again! So, chanda comes first, and only then can cetana arise? Kind regards!
– Brian Díaz Flores
12 hours ago
2
Chanda is the desire component. The English word desire is also used for lobs. In unwholesome courses of action, this will occur. See: The 52 Mental Factors (cetasika)
– Suminda Sirinath S. Dharmasena
11 hours ago
1
@ChrisW Hi! I took that phrase from AN 8.83, where ot seems the word chanda is used to refer to the phenomena which is the "root of all things". Kins regards!
– Brian Díaz Flores
39 mins ago
|
show 6 more comments
OP: What is the difference between chanda and cetana?
Chanda is the desire to act. E.g. if you stand from a seat you have to have the "intention" to do it, but can choose not to if you want


A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma
Cetana is volition. This is what makes you commit a certain course of action to realise a goal or a wish. E.g. I a feeling hungry hence I will to get up and go to the fridge to get some food.

A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma
OP: How do these two relate to each other?
Cetana is what pulls you in a certain direction in taking action. Chanda is the desire to do the act. E.g. (1) I am feeling hungry, but I am lazy to get up from bed. Here I have the intention but not the will to act. (2) I have money to buy a beggar or donate it to a beggar, but I choose to donate it. Here there is an intention to eat and donate but volition to donate.
Chanda is karmically neutral. Cetana is what decides the karma.
OP: If they are related, which one comes first, and which after?
They are present in the same mind moment if Chanda occurs. Cetana is a universal mental factor and is there in every mind moment. Chanda is an occasional factor hence there only in certain mind moments.
OP: Is one a condition for the other?
Cetana is the driving force which conditions chanda also.
OP: What is the difference between chanda and cetana?
Chanda is the desire to act. E.g. if you stand from a seat you have to have the "intention" to do it, but can choose not to if you want


A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma
Cetana is volition. This is what makes you commit a certain course of action to realise a goal or a wish. E.g. I a feeling hungry hence I will to get up and go to the fridge to get some food.

A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma
OP: How do these two relate to each other?
Cetana is what pulls you in a certain direction in taking action. Chanda is the desire to do the act. E.g. (1) I am feeling hungry, but I am lazy to get up from bed. Here I have the intention but not the will to act. (2) I have money to buy a beggar or donate it to a beggar, but I choose to donate it. Here there is an intention to eat and donate but volition to donate.
Chanda is karmically neutral. Cetana is what decides the karma.
OP: If they are related, which one comes first, and which after?
They are present in the same mind moment if Chanda occurs. Cetana is a universal mental factor and is there in every mind moment. Chanda is an occasional factor hence there only in certain mind moments.
OP: Is one a condition for the other?
Cetana is the driving force which conditions chanda also.
edited 11 hours ago
answered 12 hours ago
Suminda Sirinath S. DharmasenaSuminda Sirinath S. Dharmasena
31.9k3 gold badges18 silver badges63 bronze badges
31.9k3 gold badges18 silver badges63 bronze badges
Thanks for your answer! I have one more question, if you don't mind me asking: Would it be incorrect to say that "I" have the cetana of standing up from a seat, because my back is sore for being in the same position for a long time? In the examples you gave, I still see both terms as interchangeable. Kind regards!
– Brian Díaz Flores
12 hours ago
You can say this is cetana. It is easier if you have more than 1 choice of action with the intention to do both but you follow through with one, in which case it is what you have cetana is what you followed thought.
– Suminda Sirinath S. Dharmasena
12 hours ago
Thanks again! So, chanda comes first, and only then can cetana arise? Kind regards!
– Brian Díaz Flores
12 hours ago
2
Chanda is the desire component. The English word desire is also used for lobs. In unwholesome courses of action, this will occur. See: The 52 Mental Factors (cetasika)
– Suminda Sirinath S. Dharmasena
11 hours ago
1
@ChrisW Hi! I took that phrase from AN 8.83, where ot seems the word chanda is used to refer to the phenomena which is the "root of all things". Kins regards!
– Brian Díaz Flores
39 mins ago
|
show 6 more comments
Thanks for your answer! I have one more question, if you don't mind me asking: Would it be incorrect to say that "I" have the cetana of standing up from a seat, because my back is sore for being in the same position for a long time? In the examples you gave, I still see both terms as interchangeable. Kind regards!
– Brian Díaz Flores
12 hours ago
You can say this is cetana. It is easier if you have more than 1 choice of action with the intention to do both but you follow through with one, in which case it is what you have cetana is what you followed thought.
– Suminda Sirinath S. Dharmasena
12 hours ago
Thanks again! So, chanda comes first, and only then can cetana arise? Kind regards!
– Brian Díaz Flores
12 hours ago
2
Chanda is the desire component. The English word desire is also used for lobs. In unwholesome courses of action, this will occur. See: The 52 Mental Factors (cetasika)
– Suminda Sirinath S. Dharmasena
11 hours ago
1
@ChrisW Hi! I took that phrase from AN 8.83, where ot seems the word chanda is used to refer to the phenomena which is the "root of all things". Kins regards!
– Brian Díaz Flores
39 mins ago
Thanks for your answer! I have one more question, if you don't mind me asking: Would it be incorrect to say that "I" have the cetana of standing up from a seat, because my back is sore for being in the same position for a long time? In the examples you gave, I still see both terms as interchangeable. Kind regards!
– Brian Díaz Flores
12 hours ago
Thanks for your answer! I have one more question, if you don't mind me asking: Would it be incorrect to say that "I" have the cetana of standing up from a seat, because my back is sore for being in the same position for a long time? In the examples you gave, I still see both terms as interchangeable. Kind regards!
– Brian Díaz Flores
12 hours ago
You can say this is cetana. It is easier if you have more than 1 choice of action with the intention to do both but you follow through with one, in which case it is what you have cetana is what you followed thought.
– Suminda Sirinath S. Dharmasena
12 hours ago
You can say this is cetana. It is easier if you have more than 1 choice of action with the intention to do both but you follow through with one, in which case it is what you have cetana is what you followed thought.
– Suminda Sirinath S. Dharmasena
12 hours ago
Thanks again! So, chanda comes first, and only then can cetana arise? Kind regards!
– Brian Díaz Flores
12 hours ago
Thanks again! So, chanda comes first, and only then can cetana arise? Kind regards!
– Brian Díaz Flores
12 hours ago
2
2
Chanda is the desire component. The English word desire is also used for lobs. In unwholesome courses of action, this will occur. See: The 52 Mental Factors (cetasika)
– Suminda Sirinath S. Dharmasena
11 hours ago
Chanda is the desire component. The English word desire is also used for lobs. In unwholesome courses of action, this will occur. See: The 52 Mental Factors (cetasika)
– Suminda Sirinath S. Dharmasena
11 hours ago
1
1
@ChrisW Hi! I took that phrase from AN 8.83, where ot seems the word chanda is used to refer to the phenomena which is the "root of all things". Kins regards!
– Brian Díaz Flores
39 mins ago
@ChrisW Hi! I took that phrase from AN 8.83, where ot seems the word chanda is used to refer to the phenomena which is the "root of all things". Kins regards!
– Brian Díaz Flores
39 mins ago
|
show 6 more comments
When a puthujjana man sees a beautiful girl/lady, a passion or love brews in his heart. This motivating 'passion' or 'love' can be compared to 'chanda'.
Similarly, when the inner urge to end suffering manifests or the liberation & joy of The Path is experienced, a similar 'passion' or 'love' manifests. These are 'chanda'.
'Intention' includes making a decision to do something. 'Intention' is more within the sphere of 'thought' where as 'chanda' is more within the sphere of 'emotion'.
I imagine 'chanda' occurs before 'intention'. For example, you feel unhappy about life and something within you moves you to search for a solution. The 'emotion' or 'will to live/will to be happy' within you that moves you is 'chanda'. From this chanda you act to search for a solution. This decision to act is 'intention'.
SN 51.20 is about the Four Iddhipada. Here, 'chandha' occurs 1st and 'intention' ('citta') occurs later.
These four bases of power, when developed & pursued, are of great
fruit & great benefit. And how are the four bases of power developed &
pursued so as to be of great fruit & great benefit?
There is the case where a monk develops the base of power endowed with
concentration founded on desire (chando; zeal; enthusiasm)...
He develops the base of power endowed with concentration founded on
persistence (vīriya; energy)...
He develops the base of power endowed with concentration founded on
intent (citta; mind; mental development) ...
He develops the base of power endowed with concentration founded on
discrimination (vīmaṃsā; inquiry; investigation)...
SN 51.20
add a comment
|
When a puthujjana man sees a beautiful girl/lady, a passion or love brews in his heart. This motivating 'passion' or 'love' can be compared to 'chanda'.
Similarly, when the inner urge to end suffering manifests or the liberation & joy of The Path is experienced, a similar 'passion' or 'love' manifests. These are 'chanda'.
'Intention' includes making a decision to do something. 'Intention' is more within the sphere of 'thought' where as 'chanda' is more within the sphere of 'emotion'.
I imagine 'chanda' occurs before 'intention'. For example, you feel unhappy about life and something within you moves you to search for a solution. The 'emotion' or 'will to live/will to be happy' within you that moves you is 'chanda'. From this chanda you act to search for a solution. This decision to act is 'intention'.
SN 51.20 is about the Four Iddhipada. Here, 'chandha' occurs 1st and 'intention' ('citta') occurs later.
These four bases of power, when developed & pursued, are of great
fruit & great benefit. And how are the four bases of power developed &
pursued so as to be of great fruit & great benefit?
There is the case where a monk develops the base of power endowed with
concentration founded on desire (chando; zeal; enthusiasm)...
He develops the base of power endowed with concentration founded on
persistence (vīriya; energy)...
He develops the base of power endowed with concentration founded on
intent (citta; mind; mental development) ...
He develops the base of power endowed with concentration founded on
discrimination (vīmaṃsā; inquiry; investigation)...
SN 51.20
add a comment
|
When a puthujjana man sees a beautiful girl/lady, a passion or love brews in his heart. This motivating 'passion' or 'love' can be compared to 'chanda'.
Similarly, when the inner urge to end suffering manifests or the liberation & joy of The Path is experienced, a similar 'passion' or 'love' manifests. These are 'chanda'.
'Intention' includes making a decision to do something. 'Intention' is more within the sphere of 'thought' where as 'chanda' is more within the sphere of 'emotion'.
I imagine 'chanda' occurs before 'intention'. For example, you feel unhappy about life and something within you moves you to search for a solution. The 'emotion' or 'will to live/will to be happy' within you that moves you is 'chanda'. From this chanda you act to search for a solution. This decision to act is 'intention'.
SN 51.20 is about the Four Iddhipada. Here, 'chandha' occurs 1st and 'intention' ('citta') occurs later.
These four bases of power, when developed & pursued, are of great
fruit & great benefit. And how are the four bases of power developed &
pursued so as to be of great fruit & great benefit?
There is the case where a monk develops the base of power endowed with
concentration founded on desire (chando; zeal; enthusiasm)...
He develops the base of power endowed with concentration founded on
persistence (vīriya; energy)...
He develops the base of power endowed with concentration founded on
intent (citta; mind; mental development) ...
He develops the base of power endowed with concentration founded on
discrimination (vīmaṃsā; inquiry; investigation)...
SN 51.20
When a puthujjana man sees a beautiful girl/lady, a passion or love brews in his heart. This motivating 'passion' or 'love' can be compared to 'chanda'.
Similarly, when the inner urge to end suffering manifests or the liberation & joy of The Path is experienced, a similar 'passion' or 'love' manifests. These are 'chanda'.
'Intention' includes making a decision to do something. 'Intention' is more within the sphere of 'thought' where as 'chanda' is more within the sphere of 'emotion'.
I imagine 'chanda' occurs before 'intention'. For example, you feel unhappy about life and something within you moves you to search for a solution. The 'emotion' or 'will to live/will to be happy' within you that moves you is 'chanda'. From this chanda you act to search for a solution. This decision to act is 'intention'.
SN 51.20 is about the Four Iddhipada. Here, 'chandha' occurs 1st and 'intention' ('citta') occurs later.
These four bases of power, when developed & pursued, are of great
fruit & great benefit. And how are the four bases of power developed &
pursued so as to be of great fruit & great benefit?
There is the case where a monk develops the base of power endowed with
concentration founded on desire (chando; zeal; enthusiasm)...
He develops the base of power endowed with concentration founded on
persistence (vīriya; energy)...
He develops the base of power endowed with concentration founded on
intent (citta; mind; mental development) ...
He develops the base of power endowed with concentration founded on
discrimination (vīmaṃsā; inquiry; investigation)...
SN 51.20
edited 1 hour ago
answered 2 hours ago
DhammadhatuDhammadhatu
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