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Number of academics in various EU countries


How hard do early-career academics in the United States work, really?Why do academics work only nine months of the year?Do academics in the UK usually have to declare other jobs (e.g. consulting) they take on and is it public information?Is the academic job market in developing / former Eastern Bloc countries welcoming towards young foreign researchers?How do I get to know/work with academics during my master's degree?PhD salary and teaching assistantships in German-speaking countries






.everyoneloves__top-leaderboard:empty,.everyoneloves__mid-leaderboard:empty,.everyoneloves__bot-mid-leaderboard:empty margin-bottom:0;








4















This press release by an Italian union mentions a huge difference between the number of academic positions in various countries:




Per fare solo un esempio, sul personale, a fronte dei circa 50.000 docenti universitari nel nostro Paese, ce ne sono circa 250.000 in Germania, 200.000 nel Regno Unito, 95.000 in Spagna, 80.000 in Francia e analoghe differenze si verificano rispetto al personale tecnico e amministrativo.




My translation:




As an example, let's mention personnel: corresponding to about 50,000 university professors in our country [Italy], there are about 250,000 in Germany, 200,000 in the United Kingdom, 95,000 in Spain, 80,000 in France, and there are similar differences regarding clerks and technicians.




Are these numbers accurate? Do they compare apples to apples? For instance, as far as I understand, many PhD students in Germany are employed as "Wimi"s and would probably be counted as "academic personnel", while in Italy they are still considered students and they would not fit in the same category.



Regarding Italy, this 2018 press release by the Italian ministry of education shows that in 2017 there were 54,235 academic positions in Italy, counting only professors and junior positions, both temporary and tenure-track (Professore ordinario, professore associato, ricercatore a tempo indeterminato, ricercatore a tempo determinato). This excludes postdoc grants (13,946) and all PhD students (9,288 in 2017 according to another source).



Where can I find similar breakdowns regarding Germany, UK, or other countries?










share|improve this question


























  • Google translates docenti universitari to university professors. (I didn't understand what a university teacher is.) But, what does that mean? Should we include those equivalent to associate professors?

    – user2768
    5 hours ago







  • 2





    @user2768 Docenti universitari in this context, when referring to the Italian system, means full professors, associate professors, and assistant professors. Some assistant positions in Italy are tenure track, some are permanent, and some only last for 3+2 years. It excludes postdocs and phd students. It's not clear what it means with respect to the other countries.

    – Federico Poloni
    5 hours ago







  • 1





    @user2768 I have updated the translation to "professors", anyway, thanks for the suggestion.

    – Federico Poloni
    4 hours ago


















4















This press release by an Italian union mentions a huge difference between the number of academic positions in various countries:




Per fare solo un esempio, sul personale, a fronte dei circa 50.000 docenti universitari nel nostro Paese, ce ne sono circa 250.000 in Germania, 200.000 nel Regno Unito, 95.000 in Spagna, 80.000 in Francia e analoghe differenze si verificano rispetto al personale tecnico e amministrativo.




My translation:




As an example, let's mention personnel: corresponding to about 50,000 university professors in our country [Italy], there are about 250,000 in Germany, 200,000 in the United Kingdom, 95,000 in Spain, 80,000 in France, and there are similar differences regarding clerks and technicians.




Are these numbers accurate? Do they compare apples to apples? For instance, as far as I understand, many PhD students in Germany are employed as "Wimi"s and would probably be counted as "academic personnel", while in Italy they are still considered students and they would not fit in the same category.



Regarding Italy, this 2018 press release by the Italian ministry of education shows that in 2017 there were 54,235 academic positions in Italy, counting only professors and junior positions, both temporary and tenure-track (Professore ordinario, professore associato, ricercatore a tempo indeterminato, ricercatore a tempo determinato). This excludes postdoc grants (13,946) and all PhD students (9,288 in 2017 according to another source).



Where can I find similar breakdowns regarding Germany, UK, or other countries?










share|improve this question


























  • Google translates docenti universitari to university professors. (I didn't understand what a university teacher is.) But, what does that mean? Should we include those equivalent to associate professors?

    – user2768
    5 hours ago







  • 2





    @user2768 Docenti universitari in this context, when referring to the Italian system, means full professors, associate professors, and assistant professors. Some assistant positions in Italy are tenure track, some are permanent, and some only last for 3+2 years. It excludes postdocs and phd students. It's not clear what it means with respect to the other countries.

    – Federico Poloni
    5 hours ago







  • 1





    @user2768 I have updated the translation to "professors", anyway, thanks for the suggestion.

    – Federico Poloni
    4 hours ago














4












4








4


1






This press release by an Italian union mentions a huge difference between the number of academic positions in various countries:




Per fare solo un esempio, sul personale, a fronte dei circa 50.000 docenti universitari nel nostro Paese, ce ne sono circa 250.000 in Germania, 200.000 nel Regno Unito, 95.000 in Spagna, 80.000 in Francia e analoghe differenze si verificano rispetto al personale tecnico e amministrativo.




My translation:




As an example, let's mention personnel: corresponding to about 50,000 university professors in our country [Italy], there are about 250,000 in Germany, 200,000 in the United Kingdom, 95,000 in Spain, 80,000 in France, and there are similar differences regarding clerks and technicians.




Are these numbers accurate? Do they compare apples to apples? For instance, as far as I understand, many PhD students in Germany are employed as "Wimi"s and would probably be counted as "academic personnel", while in Italy they are still considered students and they would not fit in the same category.



Regarding Italy, this 2018 press release by the Italian ministry of education shows that in 2017 there were 54,235 academic positions in Italy, counting only professors and junior positions, both temporary and tenure-track (Professore ordinario, professore associato, ricercatore a tempo indeterminato, ricercatore a tempo determinato). This excludes postdoc grants (13,946) and all PhD students (9,288 in 2017 according to another source).



Where can I find similar breakdowns regarding Germany, UK, or other countries?










share|improve this question
















This press release by an Italian union mentions a huge difference between the number of academic positions in various countries:




Per fare solo un esempio, sul personale, a fronte dei circa 50.000 docenti universitari nel nostro Paese, ce ne sono circa 250.000 in Germania, 200.000 nel Regno Unito, 95.000 in Spagna, 80.000 in Francia e analoghe differenze si verificano rispetto al personale tecnico e amministrativo.




My translation:




As an example, let's mention personnel: corresponding to about 50,000 university professors in our country [Italy], there are about 250,000 in Germany, 200,000 in the United Kingdom, 95,000 in Spain, 80,000 in France, and there are similar differences regarding clerks and technicians.




Are these numbers accurate? Do they compare apples to apples? For instance, as far as I understand, many PhD students in Germany are employed as "Wimi"s and would probably be counted as "academic personnel", while in Italy they are still considered students and they would not fit in the same category.



Regarding Italy, this 2018 press release by the Italian ministry of education shows that in 2017 there were 54,235 academic positions in Italy, counting only professors and junior positions, both temporary and tenure-track (Professore ordinario, professore associato, ricercatore a tempo indeterminato, ricercatore a tempo determinato). This excludes postdoc grants (13,946) and all PhD students (9,288 in 2017 according to another source).



Where can I find similar breakdowns regarding Germany, UK, or other countries?







job germany eu italy






share|improve this question















share|improve this question













share|improve this question




share|improve this question








edited 4 hours ago







Federico Poloni

















asked 8 hours ago









Federico PoloniFederico Poloni

26.8k11 gold badges85 silver badges136 bronze badges




26.8k11 gold badges85 silver badges136 bronze badges















  • Google translates docenti universitari to university professors. (I didn't understand what a university teacher is.) But, what does that mean? Should we include those equivalent to associate professors?

    – user2768
    5 hours ago







  • 2





    @user2768 Docenti universitari in this context, when referring to the Italian system, means full professors, associate professors, and assistant professors. Some assistant positions in Italy are tenure track, some are permanent, and some only last for 3+2 years. It excludes postdocs and phd students. It's not clear what it means with respect to the other countries.

    – Federico Poloni
    5 hours ago







  • 1





    @user2768 I have updated the translation to "professors", anyway, thanks for the suggestion.

    – Federico Poloni
    4 hours ago


















  • Google translates docenti universitari to university professors. (I didn't understand what a university teacher is.) But, what does that mean? Should we include those equivalent to associate professors?

    – user2768
    5 hours ago







  • 2





    @user2768 Docenti universitari in this context, when referring to the Italian system, means full professors, associate professors, and assistant professors. Some assistant positions in Italy are tenure track, some are permanent, and some only last for 3+2 years. It excludes postdocs and phd students. It's not clear what it means with respect to the other countries.

    – Federico Poloni
    5 hours ago







  • 1





    @user2768 I have updated the translation to "professors", anyway, thanks for the suggestion.

    – Federico Poloni
    4 hours ago

















Google translates docenti universitari to university professors. (I didn't understand what a university teacher is.) But, what does that mean? Should we include those equivalent to associate professors?

– user2768
5 hours ago






Google translates docenti universitari to university professors. (I didn't understand what a university teacher is.) But, what does that mean? Should we include those equivalent to associate professors?

– user2768
5 hours ago





2




2





@user2768 Docenti universitari in this context, when referring to the Italian system, means full professors, associate professors, and assistant professors. Some assistant positions in Italy are tenure track, some are permanent, and some only last for 3+2 years. It excludes postdocs and phd students. It's not clear what it means with respect to the other countries.

– Federico Poloni
5 hours ago






@user2768 Docenti universitari in this context, when referring to the Italian system, means full professors, associate professors, and assistant professors. Some assistant positions in Italy are tenure track, some are permanent, and some only last for 3+2 years. It excludes postdocs and phd students. It's not clear what it means with respect to the other countries.

– Federico Poloni
5 hours ago





1




1





@user2768 I have updated the translation to "professors", anyway, thanks for the suggestion.

– Federico Poloni
4 hours ago






@user2768 I have updated the translation to "professors", anyway, thanks for the suggestion.

– Federico Poloni
4 hours ago











2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes


















4















The data is roughly accurate for France. The French ministry's HR department releases data periodically, and one of the latest report (2017-2018) is available there: http://cache.media.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/file/statistiques/62/3/Note_NP_2017_2018_1146623.pdf



In summary, in 2018, there were 81,563 teachers in French public universities. This includes 62,491 permanent positions (full professors, lecturers, and full-time tenured teachers), and 19,072 non-permanent. Of these, 7110 are PhD students with teaching duties, and 4500 are "ATER" (a kind of "postdoc", it's complicated). Depending on how you want to count what, the 80k figure is probably overestimated if you exclude PhD students and postdocs, but it's in the ballpark.






share|improve this answer








New contributor



user112289 is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.





















  • Thanks! It seems then that, at least for France, that report is indeed comparing apples to oranges: phds and postdocs are counted for France, but not for Italy, and when one accounts correctly for them the numbers are not so dramatically different (54k vs 62k faculty, or 77k vs 81k total, and then one must consider also that the population of France is slightly larger than that of Italy, 60M vs 67M according to Wikipedia estimates).

    – Federico Poloni
    6 hours ago



















2















The numbers for Germany are definitely counting different things. Take the following official source



https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bildung-Forschung-Kultur/Hochschulen/Publikationen/Downloads-Hochschulen/personal-vorbericht-5213402188004.html



On page 98 is the full list, in which a number around 250.000 indeed occurs, but as the number of total full time scientific personal, which on one hand includes 193.000 "Wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiter", i.e. PhD students and Postdocs, many of which will be involved in teaching, but only some of which might be counted in similar statistics for other countries. So if you count only full professors and "Lehrbeauftragte", you will actually get a lower number then for the other countries, but then again you will have missed many non-tenured people you would have counted in other countries.



Also this number excludes around 100k part-time (which can mean anything from giving a small one week-course once a year up to 49% of a position) "Lehrbeauftragte", which often do the similar work to professors especially at "Fachhochschulen", where most of them teach.



I think it is impossible to get comparable numbers for a common definition of "university teacher" for the different countries. Personally I would go the other way and compare the number of full time scientific (teaching and academic research, especially including paid PhD Students) personell between the different countries instead.






share|improve this answer

























  • Thanks! These Lehrbeauftragte / adjuncts sound a lot like the Italian professori a contratto, which aren't counted in the stats for Italy either.

    – Federico Poloni
    6 hours ago







  • 1





    @FedericoPoloni You are probably right about that, although the question would be why they are not counted, when they do similar work. (Only with less pay and job security, which has been controversial in Germany for quite some while.)

    – mlk
    5 hours ago













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2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes








2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes









active

oldest

votes






active

oldest

votes









4















The data is roughly accurate for France. The French ministry's HR department releases data periodically, and one of the latest report (2017-2018) is available there: http://cache.media.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/file/statistiques/62/3/Note_NP_2017_2018_1146623.pdf



In summary, in 2018, there were 81,563 teachers in French public universities. This includes 62,491 permanent positions (full professors, lecturers, and full-time tenured teachers), and 19,072 non-permanent. Of these, 7110 are PhD students with teaching duties, and 4500 are "ATER" (a kind of "postdoc", it's complicated). Depending on how you want to count what, the 80k figure is probably overestimated if you exclude PhD students and postdocs, but it's in the ballpark.






share|improve this answer








New contributor



user112289 is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.





















  • Thanks! It seems then that, at least for France, that report is indeed comparing apples to oranges: phds and postdocs are counted for France, but not for Italy, and when one accounts correctly for them the numbers are not so dramatically different (54k vs 62k faculty, or 77k vs 81k total, and then one must consider also that the population of France is slightly larger than that of Italy, 60M vs 67M according to Wikipedia estimates).

    – Federico Poloni
    6 hours ago
















4















The data is roughly accurate for France. The French ministry's HR department releases data periodically, and one of the latest report (2017-2018) is available there: http://cache.media.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/file/statistiques/62/3/Note_NP_2017_2018_1146623.pdf



In summary, in 2018, there were 81,563 teachers in French public universities. This includes 62,491 permanent positions (full professors, lecturers, and full-time tenured teachers), and 19,072 non-permanent. Of these, 7110 are PhD students with teaching duties, and 4500 are "ATER" (a kind of "postdoc", it's complicated). Depending on how you want to count what, the 80k figure is probably overestimated if you exclude PhD students and postdocs, but it's in the ballpark.






share|improve this answer








New contributor



user112289 is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.





















  • Thanks! It seems then that, at least for France, that report is indeed comparing apples to oranges: phds and postdocs are counted for France, but not for Italy, and when one accounts correctly for them the numbers are not so dramatically different (54k vs 62k faculty, or 77k vs 81k total, and then one must consider also that the population of France is slightly larger than that of Italy, 60M vs 67M according to Wikipedia estimates).

    – Federico Poloni
    6 hours ago














4














4










4









The data is roughly accurate for France. The French ministry's HR department releases data periodically, and one of the latest report (2017-2018) is available there: http://cache.media.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/file/statistiques/62/3/Note_NP_2017_2018_1146623.pdf



In summary, in 2018, there were 81,563 teachers in French public universities. This includes 62,491 permanent positions (full professors, lecturers, and full-time tenured teachers), and 19,072 non-permanent. Of these, 7110 are PhD students with teaching duties, and 4500 are "ATER" (a kind of "postdoc", it's complicated). Depending on how you want to count what, the 80k figure is probably overestimated if you exclude PhD students and postdocs, but it's in the ballpark.






share|improve this answer








New contributor



user112289 is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.









The data is roughly accurate for France. The French ministry's HR department releases data periodically, and one of the latest report (2017-2018) is available there: http://cache.media.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/file/statistiques/62/3/Note_NP_2017_2018_1146623.pdf



In summary, in 2018, there were 81,563 teachers in French public universities. This includes 62,491 permanent positions (full professors, lecturers, and full-time tenured teachers), and 19,072 non-permanent. Of these, 7110 are PhD students with teaching duties, and 4500 are "ATER" (a kind of "postdoc", it's complicated). Depending on how you want to count what, the 80k figure is probably overestimated if you exclude PhD students and postdocs, but it's in the ballpark.







share|improve this answer








New contributor



user112289 is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.








share|improve this answer



share|improve this answer






New contributor



user112289 is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.








answered 8 hours ago









user112289user112289

411 bronze badge




411 bronze badge




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user112289 is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
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user112289 is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.

















  • Thanks! It seems then that, at least for France, that report is indeed comparing apples to oranges: phds and postdocs are counted for France, but not for Italy, and when one accounts correctly for them the numbers are not so dramatically different (54k vs 62k faculty, or 77k vs 81k total, and then one must consider also that the population of France is slightly larger than that of Italy, 60M vs 67M according to Wikipedia estimates).

    – Federico Poloni
    6 hours ago


















  • Thanks! It seems then that, at least for France, that report is indeed comparing apples to oranges: phds and postdocs are counted for France, but not for Italy, and when one accounts correctly for them the numbers are not so dramatically different (54k vs 62k faculty, or 77k vs 81k total, and then one must consider also that the population of France is slightly larger than that of Italy, 60M vs 67M according to Wikipedia estimates).

    – Federico Poloni
    6 hours ago

















Thanks! It seems then that, at least for France, that report is indeed comparing apples to oranges: phds and postdocs are counted for France, but not for Italy, and when one accounts correctly for them the numbers are not so dramatically different (54k vs 62k faculty, or 77k vs 81k total, and then one must consider also that the population of France is slightly larger than that of Italy, 60M vs 67M according to Wikipedia estimates).

– Federico Poloni
6 hours ago






Thanks! It seems then that, at least for France, that report is indeed comparing apples to oranges: phds and postdocs are counted for France, but not for Italy, and when one accounts correctly for them the numbers are not so dramatically different (54k vs 62k faculty, or 77k vs 81k total, and then one must consider also that the population of France is slightly larger than that of Italy, 60M vs 67M according to Wikipedia estimates).

– Federico Poloni
6 hours ago














2















The numbers for Germany are definitely counting different things. Take the following official source



https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bildung-Forschung-Kultur/Hochschulen/Publikationen/Downloads-Hochschulen/personal-vorbericht-5213402188004.html



On page 98 is the full list, in which a number around 250.000 indeed occurs, but as the number of total full time scientific personal, which on one hand includes 193.000 "Wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiter", i.e. PhD students and Postdocs, many of which will be involved in teaching, but only some of which might be counted in similar statistics for other countries. So if you count only full professors and "Lehrbeauftragte", you will actually get a lower number then for the other countries, but then again you will have missed many non-tenured people you would have counted in other countries.



Also this number excludes around 100k part-time (which can mean anything from giving a small one week-course once a year up to 49% of a position) "Lehrbeauftragte", which often do the similar work to professors especially at "Fachhochschulen", where most of them teach.



I think it is impossible to get comparable numbers for a common definition of "university teacher" for the different countries. Personally I would go the other way and compare the number of full time scientific (teaching and academic research, especially including paid PhD Students) personell between the different countries instead.






share|improve this answer

























  • Thanks! These Lehrbeauftragte / adjuncts sound a lot like the Italian professori a contratto, which aren't counted in the stats for Italy either.

    – Federico Poloni
    6 hours ago







  • 1





    @FedericoPoloni You are probably right about that, although the question would be why they are not counted, when they do similar work. (Only with less pay and job security, which has been controversial in Germany for quite some while.)

    – mlk
    5 hours ago















2















The numbers for Germany are definitely counting different things. Take the following official source



https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bildung-Forschung-Kultur/Hochschulen/Publikationen/Downloads-Hochschulen/personal-vorbericht-5213402188004.html



On page 98 is the full list, in which a number around 250.000 indeed occurs, but as the number of total full time scientific personal, which on one hand includes 193.000 "Wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiter", i.e. PhD students and Postdocs, many of which will be involved in teaching, but only some of which might be counted in similar statistics for other countries. So if you count only full professors and "Lehrbeauftragte", you will actually get a lower number then for the other countries, but then again you will have missed many non-tenured people you would have counted in other countries.



Also this number excludes around 100k part-time (which can mean anything from giving a small one week-course once a year up to 49% of a position) "Lehrbeauftragte", which often do the similar work to professors especially at "Fachhochschulen", where most of them teach.



I think it is impossible to get comparable numbers for a common definition of "university teacher" for the different countries. Personally I would go the other way and compare the number of full time scientific (teaching and academic research, especially including paid PhD Students) personell between the different countries instead.






share|improve this answer

























  • Thanks! These Lehrbeauftragte / adjuncts sound a lot like the Italian professori a contratto, which aren't counted in the stats for Italy either.

    – Federico Poloni
    6 hours ago







  • 1





    @FedericoPoloni You are probably right about that, although the question would be why they are not counted, when they do similar work. (Only with less pay and job security, which has been controversial in Germany for quite some while.)

    – mlk
    5 hours ago













2














2










2









The numbers for Germany are definitely counting different things. Take the following official source



https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bildung-Forschung-Kultur/Hochschulen/Publikationen/Downloads-Hochschulen/personal-vorbericht-5213402188004.html



On page 98 is the full list, in which a number around 250.000 indeed occurs, but as the number of total full time scientific personal, which on one hand includes 193.000 "Wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiter", i.e. PhD students and Postdocs, many of which will be involved in teaching, but only some of which might be counted in similar statistics for other countries. So if you count only full professors and "Lehrbeauftragte", you will actually get a lower number then for the other countries, but then again you will have missed many non-tenured people you would have counted in other countries.



Also this number excludes around 100k part-time (which can mean anything from giving a small one week-course once a year up to 49% of a position) "Lehrbeauftragte", which often do the similar work to professors especially at "Fachhochschulen", where most of them teach.



I think it is impossible to get comparable numbers for a common definition of "university teacher" for the different countries. Personally I would go the other way and compare the number of full time scientific (teaching and academic research, especially including paid PhD Students) personell between the different countries instead.






share|improve this answer













The numbers for Germany are definitely counting different things. Take the following official source



https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bildung-Forschung-Kultur/Hochschulen/Publikationen/Downloads-Hochschulen/personal-vorbericht-5213402188004.html



On page 98 is the full list, in which a number around 250.000 indeed occurs, but as the number of total full time scientific personal, which on one hand includes 193.000 "Wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiter", i.e. PhD students and Postdocs, many of which will be involved in teaching, but only some of which might be counted in similar statistics for other countries. So if you count only full professors and "Lehrbeauftragte", you will actually get a lower number then for the other countries, but then again you will have missed many non-tenured people you would have counted in other countries.



Also this number excludes around 100k part-time (which can mean anything from giving a small one week-course once a year up to 49% of a position) "Lehrbeauftragte", which often do the similar work to professors especially at "Fachhochschulen", where most of them teach.



I think it is impossible to get comparable numbers for a common definition of "university teacher" for the different countries. Personally I would go the other way and compare the number of full time scientific (teaching and academic research, especially including paid PhD Students) personell between the different countries instead.







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answered 6 hours ago









mlkmlk

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  • Thanks! These Lehrbeauftragte / adjuncts sound a lot like the Italian professori a contratto, which aren't counted in the stats for Italy either.

    – Federico Poloni
    6 hours ago







  • 1





    @FedericoPoloni You are probably right about that, although the question would be why they are not counted, when they do similar work. (Only with less pay and job security, which has been controversial in Germany for quite some while.)

    – mlk
    5 hours ago

















  • Thanks! These Lehrbeauftragte / adjuncts sound a lot like the Italian professori a contratto, which aren't counted in the stats for Italy either.

    – Federico Poloni
    6 hours ago







  • 1





    @FedericoPoloni You are probably right about that, although the question would be why they are not counted, when they do similar work. (Only with less pay and job security, which has been controversial in Germany for quite some while.)

    – mlk
    5 hours ago
















Thanks! These Lehrbeauftragte / adjuncts sound a lot like the Italian professori a contratto, which aren't counted in the stats for Italy either.

– Federico Poloni
6 hours ago






Thanks! These Lehrbeauftragte / adjuncts sound a lot like the Italian professori a contratto, which aren't counted in the stats for Italy either.

– Federico Poloni
6 hours ago





1




1





@FedericoPoloni You are probably right about that, although the question would be why they are not counted, when they do similar work. (Only with less pay and job security, which has been controversial in Germany for quite some while.)

– mlk
5 hours ago





@FedericoPoloni You are probably right about that, although the question would be why they are not counted, when they do similar work. (Only with less pay and job security, which has been controversial in Germany for quite some while.)

– mlk
5 hours ago

















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