Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
Date personale
Născut	1510[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Salamanca, Spania
Decedat	22 septembrie 1554 (44 de ani)[1][3][6][9] Ciudad de México, Mexic
Cetățenie	Spania
Ocupație	explorator
Modifică date / text

Francisco Vásquez de Coronado y Luján (n. 1510 - d. 22 septembrie 1554) a fost un conchistador spaniol care între anii 1540 și 1542 a explorat New Mexico de azi și alte teritorii care acum fac parte din sud-estul Statelor Unite.

Biografie |

Coronado s-a născut într-o familie din Slamanca, Spania, în 1510, ca al doilea fiu al lui Juan Vásquez de Coronado y Sosa de Ulloa și al Isabelei de Lujan. Juan Vásquez a ocupat diferite funcții administrative în Granada, recent recuperată de la mauri.

Sosirea în Mexic |

Francisco Vásquez de Coronado a vizitat pentru prima dată Mexicul în 1535 la vârstă de aproximativ 25 de ani, înconjurat de viceregele Antonio de Mendoza. În Mexic el s-a căsătorit cu Beatriz de Estrada, dintr-o familie bogată. Coronado a moștenit mari porțiuni din statul Mexican de la Beatriz și au avut opt copii.

Pregătirea expediției |

Coronado a ocupat funcția de guvernator al Regatului Noua Galiția, o nouă provincie a Spaniei, situată în nord-vestul Mexicului, corespunzător statelor Mexicane Jalisco, Sinaloa și Nayarit.

Călugărul Marcos de Niza și Estevan, primul fiind supraviețuitorul expediției lui Pánfilo de Narváez la nord de Compostela din statul Nayarit de astăzi. Când Marcos de Niza s-a întors din expediție, povestea despre un oraș de aur, numit Cibola și că Estevan a fost ucis de locuitorii din Cibola. Cu toate că nu susținea că a intrat în Cibola, spunea că orașul este așezat pe un deal înalt și pare să fie bogat ca Mexico City.

Expediția |

Expediția lui Coronado în perioada 1540-1542.

În 1540 împreună cu o trupă de 340 de spanioli și 300 indieni aliați și sclavi a plecat în expediție. Mergând de-a lungul coastei Mării lui Cortez a mers spre nord spre Sonora, a traversat Gila și a sosit în Cibola, în New Mexico din SUA de astăzi. Decepția lui a fost mare atunci când a văzut, că orașul de aur descris de Marcos este doar un sat al tribului zuni.

Referințe |

• Winship, George Parker, translator and editor. The Journey of Coronado 1540-1542. Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing, 1990. Introduction by Donald C. Cutter. ISBN 1-55591-066-1
  

Bibliografie |

• Blakeslee, D. J., R. Flint, and J. T. Hughes 1997. "Una Barranca Grande: Recent Archaeological Evidence and a Discussion of its Place in the Coronado Route". In The Coronado Expedition to Terra Nueva. Eds. R. and S. Flint, University of Colorado Press, Niwot.


• Bolton,Herbert Eugene. (1949) Coronado: Knight of Pueblos and Plains (New York: Whittlesey; Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press).
  Ebook at questia.com
  


• Bolton, Herbert E. (1949) Coronado on the Turquoise Trail: Knight of Pueblos and Plains. Coronado Cuarto Centennial Publications, 1540-1940, vol. 1. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. Reprinted in 1949 jointly with Whittlesey House, New York, under the title Coronado, Knight of Pueblos and Plains.


• Bolton, H. E. (1960) Rim of Christendom. Russell and Russell, New York.


• Bolton, Herbert E. (1921) The Spanish Borderlands: A Chronicle of Old Florida and the Southwest. Chronicles of America Series, vol. 23. Yale University Press, New Haven.


• Castañeda, Pedro de. (1990) The Journey of Coronado. Translated with an extensive introduction by George Parker Winship, modern introduction, Donald C. Cutter, The Journey of Coronado, Fulcrum Publishing, hardcover, 233 pages, ISBN 1-55591-066-1 On-line at PBS - The West
  


• Chavez, Fr. Angelico, O.F.M. (1968) Coronado's Friars.. Academy of American Franciscan History, Washington D.C.


• Day, Arthur Grove. (1981) Coronado's Quest: The Discovery of the Southwestern States (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1940; rpt., Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1981, ISBN 0-313-23207-5). Ebook at questia.com
  


• De Voto, Bernard. (1952) The Course of Empire. Houghton, Mifflin, Boston.


• Duffen, W., and Hartmann, W. K. (1997) "The 76 Ranch Ruin and the Location of Chichilticale". In The Coronado Expedition to Tierra Nueva: The 1540-1542 Route Across the Southwest. Eds. Richard Flint and Shirley Cushing Flint. University Press of Colorado, Niwot.
  
  • (1997) The Coronado Expedition to Tierra Nueva: The 1540-1542 Route Across the Southwest, edited by Richard Flint and Shirley Cushing Flint. University Press of Colorado, Niwot.


• Flint, Richard and Shirley Cushing Flint. (1993) "Coronado’s Crosses, Route Markers Used by the Coronado Expedition". Journal of the Southwest 35(2) (1993):207-216.
  
  • (2003) The Coronado Expedition from the Distance of 460 Years. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
  
  
  • (2005) Documents of the Coronado Expedition, 1539-1541: They Were Not Familiar with His Majesty nor Did They Wish to Be His Subjects. Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas.
  
  


• Forbes, Jack D. (1960) Apache, Navaho, and Spaniard. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.


• Hammond, George P. (1940) Coronado's Seven Cities. United States Coronado Exposition Commission, Albuquerque.


• Hammond, George P., and Edgar R. Goad. (1938) The Adventure of Don Francisco Vásquez de Coronado. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.


• Hammond, George P. and Agapito Rey. (1920) Narratives of the Coronado Expedition 1540-1542. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque (reprint by AMS Press, New York, 1977).


• Hammond, George P., and Agapito Rey, eds. (1940) Narratives of the Coronado Expedition, 1540-1542. Coronado Centennial Publications, 1540-1940, vol. 2. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.


• Haury, Emil W. (1984) "The Search for Chichilticale". Arizona Highways 60(4):14-19.


• Hedrick, Basil C. (1978) "The Location of Corazones". In Across the Chichimec Sea. Ed. C. Riley, Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.


• Hodge, Frederick W. and Theodore H. Lewis, ed. (1907) Spanish Explorers in the Southern United States, Vol. II (1907, xiii, 413 p.; rpt., Texas State Historical Association, 1985, 411 pages, ISBN 0-87611-066-9, ISBN 0-87611-067-7 pbk.)


• Lee, Betty Graham. (1966) The Eagle Pass Site: An Integral Part of the Province of Chichilticale. Thatcher: Eastern Arizona College Museum of Anthropology Publication No. 5.


• Mill, J. P., and V. M. Mills (1969) The Kuykendall Site: A Prehistoric Salado Village in Southeastern Arizona. El Paso Arch. Soc. Spec. Report for 1967, No. 6, El Paso.


• Reff, Daniel T. (1991) Disease, Depopulation and Culture Change in Northwestern New Spain, 1518-1764. (University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
  
  • Reff, Daniel T. (1997) "The Relevance of Ethnology to the Routing of the Coronado Expedition in Sonora". In The Coronado Expedition to Tierra Nueva: The 1540-1542 Route Across the Southwest. pp. 165–176, Eds. Richard Flint and Shirley Cushing Flint. University Press of Colorado, Niwot.


• Sauer, Carl O. (1932) The Road to Cibola. Ibero-Americana III. University of California Press, Berkeley.


• Schroeder, Albert E. (1955) "Fray Marcos de Niza, Coronado and the Yavapai". New Mex. Hist. Rev. 30:265-296; see also 31:24-37.


• Seymour, Deni J., (2007) An Archaeological Perspective on the Hohokam-Pima Continuum. Old Pueblo Archaeology Bulletin No. 51, December 2007:1-7.


• Seymour, Deni J. (2008) Despoblado or Athapaskan Heartland: A Methodological Perspective on Ancestral Apache Landscape Use in the Safford Area. Chapter 5 in Crossroads of the Southwest: Culture, Ethnicity, and Migration in Arizona's Safford Basin, pp. 121–162, edited by David E. Purcell, Cambridge Scholars Press, New York.


• Seymour, Deni J. (2009) Evaluating Eyewitness Accounts of Native Peoples Along the Coronado Trail From the International Border to Cibola. New Mexico Historical Review 84(3):399-435.


• Seymour, Deni J. (2009) Where the Earth and Sky are Stitched Together: Sobaípuri-O’odham Contexts of Contact and Colonialism. Book manuscript.


• Udall, Steward S. (1984) "In Coronado's Footsteps". Arizona Highways 60(4):3.

Legături externe |

Wikimedia Commons conține materiale multimedia legate de Francisco Vásquez de Coronado

• The Search for Chichilticale


• 
  The journey of Coronado, 1540-1542, from the city of Mexico to the Grand Canon of the Colorado and the buffalo plains of Texas, Kansas and Nebraska, as told by himself and his followers, written by Pedro de Castañeda and translated by George Parker Winship, 1922 publication, hosted by the Portal to Texas History.


• 
  Coronado: Misfortune's Explorer Primary Source Adventure, a lesson plan hosted by The Portal to Texas History
  


• 
  Coronado Cross June 29, 1541, Ford County, KS


• List of Men Who Were Part of the Coronado Expedition


• Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Coronado