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Osmoza




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Osmoza (prema grč. : guranje, tiskanje) je proces gibanja molekula otapala kroz polupropusnu membranu (membrana) koja odvaja dvije otopine različitih koncentracija. Polupropusna membrana propušta molekule otapala dok ne propušta čestice otopljenih tvari (iona i manjih molekula). Molekule otapala se zbog razlike u koncentracijama otopina gibaju s mjesta manje koncentracije prema mjestu veće koncentracije. Proces ima težnju odvijanja sve do izjednačenja koncentracija s obje strane membrane; manje koncentrirana otopina postaje koncentriranija, više koncentriranoj otopini se smanjuje koncentracija. Pojava se može najjednostavnije objasniti kinetičkom teorijom i činjenicom da na strani otopine s manjom koncentracijom otopljenih tvari ima više molekula otapala (vode) koje zato prelaze na stranu s manje molekula otapala.


Voda pri prelasku kroz membranu, zbog svojstva polarnosti, ne ovisi o potencijalu membrane, već o razlici u koncentracijama otopljenih tvari. Molekule vode teže gibanju iz otopine s nižom (hipotonična otopina) u otopinu s višom koncentracijom otopljene tvari (hipertonična otopina). Osmolaritet je relativna koncentracija otopljene tvari u sredini u kojoj se nađe ćelija.



Ćelijska osmoza |


Osmoza u ćeliji nastupa zbog razlike u osmolaritetu citoplazme s unutrašnje, i otopine s vanjske strane membrane, što dovodi do smežuravanja i bubrenja ćelije. Češća pojava bubrenja i lize ćelije nastupa zbog veće koncentracije otopljenih iona i malih organskih molekula u ćeliji, zbog čega je ona hipertonična u odnosu na svoju okolinu, pa voda ulazi u ćeliju.


Ćelije se problemu visokog osmolariteta prilagođavaju, ovisno o carstvu kojem pojedini organizam pripada:


Ćelije biljaka, alga, gljiva, i većine bakterija su obavijene ćelijskim zidom koja je dovoljno čvrsta da spriječi rasprsnuće ćelije u hiptonočnoj otopini. U njima se, uslijed ulaska vode, stvara turgorski tlak koji količinu vode koja uđe tjera vani, pa su biljna tkiva izuzetno jaka. U hipetoničnoj otopini izlazak vode uzrokuje odvajanje membrane od ćelijske stijenke, te dovodi do procesa plazmolize i uvenuća biljke.

Životinjske ćelije problem osmolariteta rješavaju aktivnim izbacivanjem anorganskih iona i smanjivanjem razlike u koncentracijama otopljenih tvari (prvenstveno natrija) između ćelije i njene okoline (Na|K pumpa). Pri tome troše značajne količine energije.


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