Collection Country Studies Featured Content Sections Menu


Skip to main content





.header-overlay
display: none;
position: fixed;
top: 0;
left: 0;
height: 100%;
width: 100%;
z-index: 998;
background-color: #000000;
/* fallback */
background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);

.header
background-color: #fff;
border-top: 4px solid #FC4C02;
border-bottom: 1px solid #bfbfbf;
position: relative;
z-index: 999;

.header-container
max-width: 85.71428571rem;
width: 100%;
margin: 0 auto;
padding: 0 2rem;
background-color: #fff;
-webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
-moz-box-sizing: border-box;
-ms-box-sizing: border-box;
-o-box-sizing: border-box;
box-sizing: border-box;

@media (max-width: 768px)
.header-container
padding-left: 1rem;
padding-right: 1rem;


.header-row
display: flex;
align-items: center;
min-height: 70px;

@media (min-width: 993px)
.header-row
align-items: flex-end;



.breadcrumbs-wrapper
background-color: #fff;
position: relative;
z-index: 2;

.breadcrumbs-container
max-width: 85.71428571rem;
width: 100%;
margin: 0 auto;
padding: 0 2rem;
background-color: transparent;
-webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
-moz-box-sizing: border-box;
-ms-box-sizing: border-box;
-o-box-sizing: border-box;
box-sizing: border-box;
padding-top: 0.75rem;
padding-bottom: 0.75rem;
font-size: 12px;

@media (max-width: 768px)
.breadcrumbs-container
padding-left: 1rem;
padding-right: 1rem;


@media (max-width: 768px)
.breadcrumbs-container
display: none;


.breadcrumbs-row
display: -webkit-box;
/* OLD - iOS 6-, Safari 3.1-6, BB7 */
display: -ms-flexbox;
/* TWEENER - IE 10 */
display: -webkit-flex;
/* NEW - Safari 6.1+. iOS 7.1+, BB10 */
display: -moz-box;
display: flex;
/* NEW, Spec - Firefox, Chrome, Opera */
-webkit-flex-flow: row wrap;
flex-flow: row wrap;
-webkit-flex-align: flex-start;
-webkit-align-items: flex-start;
-ms-flex-align: flex-start;
align-items: flex-start;
margin: 0 0;
-webkit-justify-content: flex-end;
-moz-justify-content: flex-end;
justify-content: flex-end;

.header-breadcrumbs
-webkit-box-flex: 1;
/* OLD - iOS 6-, Safari 3.1-6 */
-webkit-flex: 1;
/* Safari 6.1+. iOS 7.1+, BB10 */
-ms-flex: 1;
/* IE 10 */
-moz-box-flex: 1;
flex: 1;
/* NEW, Spec - Firefox, Chrome, Opera */
min-width: 0;
/* firefox fix */
margin: 0 0;
-webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
-moz-box-sizing: border-box;
-ms-box-sizing: border-box;
-o-box-sizing: border-box;
box-sizing: border-box;
margin-right: 2rem;


jQuery(function($)
// UX Interaction Tracking - Logo, Menu, Search, Breadcrumbs
$('.header-breadcrumbs a').live('click', function(event)
var label = $(this).attr('name');
if ( !label )
label = $(this).text().trim();

UX.interaction($(this), 'Breadcrumbs', 'click', label);
);

);











collections-content
country-studies-content">











with-tabs
">



Collection

Country Studies







$(document).ready(function()
$('.tab-links ul').clone().addClass('clone').appendTo('.tab-links');
$('.tab-links .clone').each(function()
var list=$(this),
select=$(document.createElement('select')).insertBefore($(this).hide()).change(function()
window.location.href=$(this).val();
);
$('.tab-links').addClass('select-wrapper');
$('>li a', this).each(function()
var option=$(document.createElement('option'))
.appendTo(select)
.val(this.href)
.html($(this).html());
if($(this).attr('class') === 'selected-link')
option.attr('selected','selected');

);
list.remove();
);
$(window).on("load resize",function(e)
if (window.matchMedia('(max-width: 768px)').matches)
$('.tab-links').addClass('select-wrapper');
else
$('.tab-links').removeClass('select-wrapper');

);
);








































Listen to this page











About this Collection













Contains the electronic versions of 80 books previously published in hard copy as part of the Country Studies Series by the Federal Research Division. Intended for a general audience, books in the series present a description and analysis of the historical setting and the social, economic, political, and national security systems and institutions of select countries throughout the world. Most books in the series deal with a single foreign country, but a few cover several countries or a geographic region. The series includes several books on countries that no longer exist in their original configuration—such as Czechoslovakia, East Germany, the Soviet Union, Sudan, and Yugoslavia. These books remain in the series because they continue to offer valuable historical information and perspective. In some cases, studies on successor states are also part of the series.


Each book was written by a multidisciplinary team of social scientists, who sought to adhere to accepted standards of scholarly objectivity. The books represent the analysis of the authors and should not be construed as an expression of an official U.S. government position, policy, or decision.
































































.footer
background-color: #f5f5f5;
border-top: 1px solid #999;
padding-top: 35px;

.footer a
color: #666;

@media print
.footer
display: none;


.footer-container
max-width: 85.71428571rem;
width: 100%;
margin: 0 auto;
padding: 0 2rem;
background-color: transparent;
-webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
-moz-box-sizing: border-box;
-ms-box-sizing: border-box;
-o-box-sizing: border-box;
box-sizing: border-box;

@media (max-width: 768px)
.footer-container
padding-left: 1rem;
padding-right: 1rem;


.footer-social-links-wrapper
border-bottom: 1px solid #999;
padding-bottom: 21px;
margin-bottom: 21px;
text-align: center;

.footer-social-title
font-size: 18px;
font-weight: normal;
color: #666;
display: inline-block;
margin: 0 28px 0 0;

@media (max-width: 992px)
.footer-social-title
display: block;
margin: 0 0 7px;


.footer-social-links
padding-left: 0;
list-style: none;
margin: 0 -7px;
display: inline-block;
margin-bottom: 0;

.footer-social-links > li
display: inline-block;
margin: 0 7px;

.footer-social-links > li i
font-size: 17.5px;

.footer-social-links > li span
position: absolute;
width: 1px;
height: 1px;
margin: -1px;
padding: 0;
overflow: hidden;
clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
border: 0;

.footer-social-links > li a .icon-external-link
font-size: 12.6px;
color: #666;

.footer-social-links > li.footer-social-link-rss a
color: #f47f65;

.footer-social-links > li.footer-social-link-email a
color: #00618e;

.footer-social-links > li.footer-social-link-survey
border-left: 1px solid #999;
padding-left: 28px;
margin-left: 14px;
font-size: 13px;

.footer-social-links > li.footer-social-link-survey a
color: #00618e;

@media (max-width: 992px)
.footer-social-links > li.footer-social-link-survey
border: none;
padding: 0;
display: block;
margin-top: 10.5px;


.footer-social-links > li.footer-social-link-itunesu
font-size: 13px;

.footer-social-links > li.footer-social-link-itunesu a
color: #00618e;

@media (max-width: 992px)
.footer-social-links
display: block;


@media (min-width: 993px)
.footer-row
display: -webkit-box;
/* OLD - iOS 6-, Safari 3.1-6, BB7 */
display: -ms-flexbox;
/* TWEENER - IE 10 */
display: -webkit-flex;
/* NEW - Safari 6.1+. iOS 7.1+, BB10 */
display: -moz-box;
display: flex;
/* NEW, Spec - Firefox, Chrome, Opera */
-webkit-flex-flow: row wrap;
flex-flow: row wrap;
-webkit-flex-align: flex-start;
-webkit-align-items: flex-start;
-ms-flex-align: flex-start;
align-items: flex-start;
margin: 0 -1rem;


.footer-links-wrapper .footer-links
padding-left: 0;
list-style: none;
margin: 0 -8.75px;
margin-bottom: 0;
font-size: 12px;

.footer-links-wrapper .footer-links > li
display: inline-block;
margin: 0 8.75px;

.footer-links-wrapper .footer-links > li
margin-top: 3px;
margin-bottom: 3px;

@media (max-width: 992px)
.footer-links-wrapper
text-align: center;
margin-bottom: 21px;


@media (min-width: 993px)
.footer-links-wrapper
-webkit-box-flex: 1;
/* OLD - iOS 6-, Safari 3.1-6 */
-webkit-flex: 1;
/* Safari 6.1+. iOS 7.1+, BB10 */
-ms-flex: 1;
/* IE 10 */
-moz-box-flex: 1;
flex: 1;
/* NEW, Spec - Firefox, Chrome, Opera */
min-width: 0;
/* firefox fix */
margin: 0 1rem;
-webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
-moz-box-sizing: border-box;
-ms-box-sizing: border-box;
-o-box-sizing: border-box;
box-sizing: border-box;


.intersites-links-wrapper
margin: 0 14px;

@media (max-width: 992px)
.intersites-links-wrapper
-webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
-moz-box-sizing: border-box;
-ms-box-sizing: border-box;
-o-box-sizing: border-box;
box-sizing: border-box;
width: 100%;
margin: 0;
padding: 0 28px;


.intersites-links
padding-left: 0;
list-style: none;
margin: 0 -1rem;

.intersites-links > li
display: inline-block;
margin: 0 1rem;

.intersites-links > li > a
display: block;

.intersites-links > li > a span
position: absolute;
width: 1px;
height: 1px;
margin: -1px;
padding: 0;
overflow: hidden;
clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
border: 0;

@media (max-width: 992px)
.intersites-links > li > a
margin: 5px 0;


.intersites-links > li.intersites-link-congress > a
width: 125px;
height: 30px;
background-size: 125px 30px;
background: url("/static/images/congress-gov.svg?72026") no-repeat;

.intersites-links > li.intersites-link-copyright > a
width: 175px;
height: 30px;
background-size: 175px 30px;
background: url("/static/images/copyright-gov.svg?72026") no-repeat;

@media (max-width: 992px)
.intersites-links
text-align: center;



//UX Interaction Tracking
jQuery(function($)
$('.footer-social-links li a').click(function(e)
var label = $(this).text().trim();
UX.interaction($(this), 'Follow', 'Click', label);
);
$('.footer-links li a').click(function(e)
var label = $(this).text().trim();
UX.interaction($(this), 'Footer', 'Click', label);
);
);


jQuery(function ($)
var scroll_timer,
displayed = false,
$message = $('.back-to-top a').hide(),
$window = $(window),
top = $(document.body).children(0).position().top;

$("#back-to-top").click(function(event)
$window.scrollTop(0);
event.preventDefault();
return false;
);

$window.scroll(function ()
window.clearTimeout(scroll_timer);
scroll_timer = window.setTimeout(function ()
if($window.scrollTop() <= top)
displayed = false;
$message.fadeOut(800);
else if(!displayed)
displayed = true;
$message.stop(true, true).show().click(function()
$message.fadeOut(800);
);

, 100);
);

$("#back-to-top").click(function(e)
UX.interaction($(this), 'Footer', 'click', 'Back to top');
);
);


 Back to top









LOCSuggest =
serviceUrl: 'https://www.loc.gov/search/suggest/'
;
MEDIA_URL = 'https://media.loc.gov';




PORTAL_FORM_KEY = 'f221868d3cf67d609d5b75fa1e4c20d1';


jQuery(function($)
/*
Grid and gallery layouts
*/

var isotope_options =
itemSelector: '.item'
;
// If in the grid or gallery style then make sure the
// pages are in order and there are no blank spaces




$('.search-results.grid-view').isotope(isotope_options);
imagesLoaded( $('#results'), function()
$('.search-results.grid-view').isotope(isotope_options);
);


var $iconic = $(".iconic");
if ($iconic.length > 0)
var loaded_count = 0;
$iconic.on("load", function()
loaded_count++;
// trigger isotope every once in a while as the images are loading:
if (loaded_count % 5 === 0)
$('.search-results.grid-view').isotope(isotope_options);

);

);

jQuery(function($)


var slider;
function create_slideshow($selector)
slider = $selector.royalSlider(
fullscreen:
enabled: true,
nativeFS: true
,
controlNavigation: 'thumbnails',
imageAlignCenter: true,
autoScaleSlider: false,
//autoScaleSliderHeight: 800,
loop: false,
navigateByClick: false,
numImagesToPreload: 2,
arrowsNav: true,
arrowsNavAutoHide: true,
arrowsNavHideOnTouch: true,
keyboardNavEnabled: true,
fadeinLoadedSlide: true,
//globalCaption: false,
//globalCaptionInside: true,
thumbs:
appendSpan: true,
firstMargin: true,
spacing: 10
,
deeplinking:
// deep linking options go here
enabled: true,
change: true,
prefix: 'slide-'

).data("royalSlider");

$('.royalSlider').royalSlider("updateSliderSize", true);


slider.ev.on('rsAfterContentSet', function (e, slideObject)
var img = slideObject.holder.find('img').eq(0);
if (img && img.length && slideObject.caption)
img.attr('alt', slideObject.caption.text());

);
return slider;


function create_overlay(highlight_id, left, top, width, height)
return $('
')
.css(
'left': left + '%',
'top': top + '%',
'width': width + '%',
'height': height + '%',
'position': 'absolute',
'z-index': 10
);


function position_overlays(page_id, page_width, page_height, coords_list,
$image, $container, fudge)
if (!($container.length))
// no actual search result for this page -- exit this function
return true;

$container.find('div.image-highlight').remove();
if (!coords_list)
// coords data doesn't exist -- exit this function
return true;

var container_width = $container.width();
var container_height = $container.height();

var image_marginLeft = $image[0].offsetLeft;
var image_marginTop = $image[0].offsetTop;
var image_width = $image.width();
var image_height = $image.height();

// The overlays are positioned relative to their parent, the
// $container, but they need to show up in the right place relative
// to the image.
// The $container can be larger than the image,
// so we take the ratio of the sizes and use it to scale the
// positions, widths, and heights of the highlight overlays.
// We also make the overlays a little larger so they're more visible
// and we shift them a little using the "fudge" numbers.
var marginLeft = image_marginLeft / container_width;
var marginTop = image_marginTop / container_height;
var scaleWidth = image_width / container_width;
var scaleHeight = image_height / container_height;

$.each(coords_list, function (index, coords)
// word coordinates: [left, top, width, height]
var highlight_id = "highlight-" + page_id + '-' + index;

var overlay_left = 100 * (marginLeft + scaleWidth * coords[0] / page_width) + fudge.left;
var overlay_top = 100 * (marginTop + scaleHeight * coords[1] / page_height) + fudge.top;
var overlay_width = 100 * coords[2] / page_width * scaleWidth + fudge.width;
var overlay_height = 100 * coords[3] / page_height * scaleHeight + fudge.height;

var $highlight_overlay = create_overlay(highlight_id,
overlay_left, overlay_top, overlay_width, overlay_height);

$container.append($highlight_overlay);
);


var word_coordinates_pages;

word_coordinates_pages = ;


var get_$container;
var get_$image;
var fudge_numbers;



get_$container = function(page_id)
return $("#highlights-container-" + page_id);
;
get_$image = function(page_id)
return $("#iconic-segment-image-" + page_id);
;
fudge_numbers =
left: -1.3,
top: -0.5,
width: 2.5,
height: 1.3
;


if (!$.isEmptyObject(word_coordinates_pages))
var $iconic = $(".iconic");
var loaded = 0;
var loaded_total = $iconic.length;
// make sure we wait til all the images are loaded before we try to position the highlights on them:
$iconic.one("load", function()
loaded++;
if (loaded === loaded_total)
$.each(word_coordinates_pages, function(page_id, page)
var $image = get_$image(page_id);
var $container = get_$container(page_id);
position_overlays(page_id, page.width, page.height, page.coords_list,
$image, $container, fudge_numbers);
);

).each(function()
// to make sure the "on load" event occurs even if the
// images are already cached:
if (this.complete)
$(this).load();

);






$(window).resize(function()
setTimeout(function()
$.each(word_coordinates_pages, function(page_id, page)
var $container = get_$container(page_id);
var $image = get_$image(page_id, $container);
position_overlays(page_id, page.width, page.height, page.coords_list,
$image, $container, fudge_numbers);
);
, 300);
);
);











if(window['_satellite'])
_satellite.pageBottom();

Popular posts from this blog

Canceling a color specificationRandomly assigning color to Graphics3D objects?Default color for Filling in Mathematica 9Coloring specific elements of sets with a prime modified order in an array plotHow to pick a color differing significantly from the colors already in a given color list?Detection of the text colorColor numbers based on their valueCan color schemes for use with ColorData include opacity specification?My dynamic color schemes

Invision Community Contents History See also References External links Navigation menuProprietaryinvisioncommunity.comIPS Community ForumsIPS Community Forumsthis blog entry"License Changes, IP.Board 3.4, and the Future""Interview -- Matt Mecham of Ibforums""CEO Invision Power Board, Matt Mecham Is a Liar, Thief!"IPB License Explanation 1.3, 1.3.1, 2.0, and 2.1ArchivedSecurity Fixes, Updates And Enhancements For IPB 1.3.1Archived"New Demo Accounts - Invision Power Services"the original"New Default Skin"the original"Invision Power Board 3.0.0 and Applications Released"the original"Archived copy"the original"Perpetual licenses being done away with""Release Notes - Invision Power Services""Introducing: IPS Community Suite 4!"Invision Community Release Notes

François Viète Contents Biography Work and thought Bibliography See also Notes Further reading External links Navigation menup. 21Google Bookspp. 75–77Google BooksDe thou (from University of Saint Andrews)ArchivedGoogle BooksGoogle BooksGoogle BooksGoogle booksGoogle Bookscc-parthenay.frL'histoire universelle (fr)Universal History (en)ArchivedAdsabs.harvard.eduPagesperso-orange.frArchive.orgChikara Sasaki. Descartes' mathematical thought p.259Google BooksGoogle BooksGoogle Bookspp. 152 and onwardGoogle BooksGoogle BooksScribd.comGoogle Books1257-7979Google BooksGoogle BooksGoogle BooksGoogle BooksGoogle BooksGoogle BooksGallica.bnf.frGoogle BooksGoogle Books"François Viète"Francois Viète: Father of Modern Algebraic NotationThe Lawyer and the GamblerAbout TarporleySite de Jean-Paul GuichardL'algèbre nouvelle"About the Harmonicon"cb120511976(data)1188044800000 0001 0913 5903n82164680ola2013766880073431702w6vt1sb70287374827140948071409480