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I will soon be travelling to Europe, flying Lufthansa, and was wondering about the weight of my carry-on luggage.

In my experiences of travelling in Asia, I've never had my carry-on bag weighed, even though I believe it was slightly over the 8kg limit.

Is this different in Europe, or specifically with Lufthansa? Should I be more careful to keep the weight under the limit, to avoid charges?

Yes. According to Carry-on baggage rules at Lufthansa

For a smooth boarding procedure, more stowage space on board and a
punctual departure, it is essential that your carry-on baggage
corresponds to the regulations. That is why we check your carry-on
baggage against the permitted dimensions, quantity and weight at
departure airports.

And from a detailed Trip Advisor post about Lufthansa carry-on baggage

My experience - YES. It's weighed at check in and can be weighed at
the gate for passengers connecting from a different airline to LH. And
I have seen people sent away to consolidate their carry on weight
down.

Here's what I've done in some cases (chortle chortle). Note you are
also allowed a smaller personal item (e.g. laptop bag). I've had cases
where I have moved a heavier item (e.g. laptop power adapters/chords
or a camera lens) from carry on to personal item in order to make the
weight limit for the carry on, and then moved it back. You can also in
some cases use your jacket pockets. I've done that more so with
airlines that have a 7kg carry on limit (EVA, Jet Airways). As long as
the airline doesn't impose a total weight limit for both carry on and
PI that strategy works.

Suggest you get a set of luggage scales, and before you leave weigh
your bags in certain configurations and plan what to swap from bag to
bag. That way you can remain "legal" weight wise and not get stung.

Occasionally.

In my experience, it happens about in 10%-20% of my LH group flights (including Swiss and Austrian).

I have a pretty big roll aboard suitcase which probably triggers more attention than a smaller piece of carry on. In all cases, taking out a jacket or moving something heavy to my backpack did the trick, but I always make sure I'm not horribly overweight. Anything over 8.5 kg can get you flagged.

How long is a piece of a string?

Having flown Lufthansa over 20 times this year alone and 100s Of times in total here are my experiences.

If your carry on is large you risk a weigh in more often.

If the flight is totally full you risk a weigh in more often.

If you arrive late at check in you risk a weigh in more often.

In reality if you are on time and your carry on is not massively over size a weigh in is actually very rare it has happened to me 2 times this year and maybe 10 in total and only 1 time have I been asked to remove something from the bag because it was almost double the allowed the weight but many times if the excess weight is small it’s ok barring the full flight challenge where weight becomes a factor for fuel and safety reasons I assume but I am not an airliner expert so that part is speculation .