Can a function nowhere continuous have a connected graph?If A is countable $mathbbR setminus A$ is dense. Clarify one line in proof? Ways to improve?image of continuous function is compact and connected.If a topological space is a path-connected, it is also connected. The converse fails. Can this be remedied?Is a function $f:Xto Y$ continuous if and only if its graph on each connnected component of $X$ is connected?Connected and Compact preserving function is not continuous example?Topological Dimension via chains of connected nowhere dense closed setsPreserving compactness and connectedness implies continuity for functions between locally connected, locally compact spaces?When the graph of a function on compact topological space is closed, compact, connectedSufficient condition for fractal dimension of continuous nowhere differentiable functionsHow can I find the value of this [pathological] function?If $f$ is continuous, then $G$ is connected . True/false?

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Can a function nowhere continuous have a connected graph?


If A is countable $mathbbR setminus A$ is dense. Clarify one line in proof? Ways to improve?image of continuous function is compact and connected.If a topological space is a path-connected, it is also connected. The converse fails. Can this be remedied?Is a function $f:Xto Y$ continuous if and only if its graph on each connnected component of $X$ is connected?Connected and Compact preserving function is not continuous example?Topological Dimension via chains of connected nowhere dense closed setsPreserving compactness and connectedness implies continuity for functions between locally connected, locally compact spaces?When the graph of a function on compact topological space is closed, compact, connectedSufficient condition for fractal dimension of continuous nowhere differentiable functionsHow can I find the value of this [pathological] function?If $f$ is continuous, then $G$ is connected . True/false?






.everyoneloves__top-leaderboard:empty,.everyoneloves__mid-leaderboard:empty,.everyoneloves__bot-mid-leaderboard:empty margin-bottom:0;








13












$begingroup$


After noticing that function $f: mathbb Rrightarrow mathbb R $ $$ f(x) = left{beginarrayl sinfrac1x & textfor xneq 0 \ 0 &textfor x=0 endarrayright. $$
has a graph that is a connected set, despite the function not being continuous at $x=0$, I started wondering, doest there exist a function $f: Xrightarrow Y$ that is nowhere continuous, but still has a connected graph?



I would like to consider three cases




  • $X$ and $Y$ being general topological spaces


  • $X$ and $Y$ being Hausdorff spaces

  • ADDED: $X=Y=mathbb R$

But if you have answer for other, more specific cases, they may be interesting too.










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$







  • 2




    $begingroup$
    As Henning points out via example, this is most interesting when $X = BbbR$ (and possibly where $Y = BbbR$ too).
    $endgroup$
    – Theo Bendit
    7 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    I wonder whether the Conway base 13 function has a connected graph.
    $endgroup$
    – Nate Eldredge
    4 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    By transfinite induction one can construct a function $f:mathbb Rtomathbb R$ whose graph meets every Borel set in the plane whose projection onto the horizontal axis is uncountable. Can such a graph be disconnected?
    $endgroup$
    – bof
    3 hours ago











  • $begingroup$
    @TheoBendit Indeed now I see that case $X=Y=mathbb R$ is significantly more interesitng. I'll add it as another point.
    $endgroup$
    – Adam Latosiński
    30 mins ago

















13












$begingroup$


After noticing that function $f: mathbb Rrightarrow mathbb R $ $$ f(x) = left{beginarrayl sinfrac1x & textfor xneq 0 \ 0 &textfor x=0 endarrayright. $$
has a graph that is a connected set, despite the function not being continuous at $x=0$, I started wondering, doest there exist a function $f: Xrightarrow Y$ that is nowhere continuous, but still has a connected graph?



I would like to consider three cases




  • $X$ and $Y$ being general topological spaces


  • $X$ and $Y$ being Hausdorff spaces

  • ADDED: $X=Y=mathbb R$

But if you have answer for other, more specific cases, they may be interesting too.










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$







  • 2




    $begingroup$
    As Henning points out via example, this is most interesting when $X = BbbR$ (and possibly where $Y = BbbR$ too).
    $endgroup$
    – Theo Bendit
    7 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    I wonder whether the Conway base 13 function has a connected graph.
    $endgroup$
    – Nate Eldredge
    4 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    By transfinite induction one can construct a function $f:mathbb Rtomathbb R$ whose graph meets every Borel set in the plane whose projection onto the horizontal axis is uncountable. Can such a graph be disconnected?
    $endgroup$
    – bof
    3 hours ago











  • $begingroup$
    @TheoBendit Indeed now I see that case $X=Y=mathbb R$ is significantly more interesitng. I'll add it as another point.
    $endgroup$
    – Adam Latosiński
    30 mins ago













13












13








13


6



$begingroup$


After noticing that function $f: mathbb Rrightarrow mathbb R $ $$ f(x) = left{beginarrayl sinfrac1x & textfor xneq 0 \ 0 &textfor x=0 endarrayright. $$
has a graph that is a connected set, despite the function not being continuous at $x=0$, I started wondering, doest there exist a function $f: Xrightarrow Y$ that is nowhere continuous, but still has a connected graph?



I would like to consider three cases




  • $X$ and $Y$ being general topological spaces


  • $X$ and $Y$ being Hausdorff spaces

  • ADDED: $X=Y=mathbb R$

But if you have answer for other, more specific cases, they may be interesting too.










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$




After noticing that function $f: mathbb Rrightarrow mathbb R $ $$ f(x) = left{beginarrayl sinfrac1x & textfor xneq 0 \ 0 &textfor x=0 endarrayright. $$
has a graph that is a connected set, despite the function not being continuous at $x=0$, I started wondering, doest there exist a function $f: Xrightarrow Y$ that is nowhere continuous, but still has a connected graph?



I would like to consider three cases




  • $X$ and $Y$ being general topological spaces


  • $X$ and $Y$ being Hausdorff spaces

  • ADDED: $X=Y=mathbb R$

But if you have answer for other, more specific cases, they may be interesting too.







general-topology continuity connectedness discontinuous-functions






share|cite|improve this question















share|cite|improve this question













share|cite|improve this question




share|cite|improve this question








edited 24 mins ago







Adam Latosiński

















asked 8 hours ago









Adam LatosińskiAdam Latosiński

4,8804 silver badges17 bronze badges




4,8804 silver badges17 bronze badges







  • 2




    $begingroup$
    As Henning points out via example, this is most interesting when $X = BbbR$ (and possibly where $Y = BbbR$ too).
    $endgroup$
    – Theo Bendit
    7 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    I wonder whether the Conway base 13 function has a connected graph.
    $endgroup$
    – Nate Eldredge
    4 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    By transfinite induction one can construct a function $f:mathbb Rtomathbb R$ whose graph meets every Borel set in the plane whose projection onto the horizontal axis is uncountable. Can such a graph be disconnected?
    $endgroup$
    – bof
    3 hours ago











  • $begingroup$
    @TheoBendit Indeed now I see that case $X=Y=mathbb R$ is significantly more interesitng. I'll add it as another point.
    $endgroup$
    – Adam Latosiński
    30 mins ago












  • 2




    $begingroup$
    As Henning points out via example, this is most interesting when $X = BbbR$ (and possibly where $Y = BbbR$ too).
    $endgroup$
    – Theo Bendit
    7 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    I wonder whether the Conway base 13 function has a connected graph.
    $endgroup$
    – Nate Eldredge
    4 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    By transfinite induction one can construct a function $f:mathbb Rtomathbb R$ whose graph meets every Borel set in the plane whose projection onto the horizontal axis is uncountable. Can such a graph be disconnected?
    $endgroup$
    – bof
    3 hours ago











  • $begingroup$
    @TheoBendit Indeed now I see that case $X=Y=mathbb R$ is significantly more interesitng. I'll add it as another point.
    $endgroup$
    – Adam Latosiński
    30 mins ago







2




2




$begingroup$
As Henning points out via example, this is most interesting when $X = BbbR$ (and possibly where $Y = BbbR$ too).
$endgroup$
– Theo Bendit
7 hours ago




$begingroup$
As Henning points out via example, this is most interesting when $X = BbbR$ (and possibly where $Y = BbbR$ too).
$endgroup$
– Theo Bendit
7 hours ago












$begingroup$
I wonder whether the Conway base 13 function has a connected graph.
$endgroup$
– Nate Eldredge
4 hours ago




$begingroup$
I wonder whether the Conway base 13 function has a connected graph.
$endgroup$
– Nate Eldredge
4 hours ago












$begingroup$
By transfinite induction one can construct a function $f:mathbb Rtomathbb R$ whose graph meets every Borel set in the plane whose projection onto the horizontal axis is uncountable. Can such a graph be disconnected?
$endgroup$
– bof
3 hours ago





$begingroup$
By transfinite induction one can construct a function $f:mathbb Rtomathbb R$ whose graph meets every Borel set in the plane whose projection onto the horizontal axis is uncountable. Can such a graph be disconnected?
$endgroup$
– bof
3 hours ago













$begingroup$
@TheoBendit Indeed now I see that case $X=Y=mathbb R$ is significantly more interesitng. I'll add it as another point.
$endgroup$
– Adam Latosiński
30 mins ago




$begingroup$
@TheoBendit Indeed now I see that case $X=Y=mathbb R$ is significantly more interesitng. I'll add it as another point.
$endgroup$
– Adam Latosiński
30 mins ago










2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes


















6












$begingroup$

Here is an example for $mathbb R^2 to mathbb R$:



$$f(x,y) = begincases y & textwhen x=0text or x=1 \
x & textwhen xin(0,1)text and y=0 \
1-x &textwhen xin(0,1)text and y=x(1-x) \
x(1-x) & textwhen xnotin0,1text and y/x(1-x) notinmathbb Q \
0 & textotherwise endcases $$



This is easily seen to be everywhere discontinuous. But its graph is path-connected.




A similar but simpler construction, also $mathbb R^2tomathbb R$:



$$ beginalign g(1 + rcostheta, rsintheta) = r & quadtextfor r>0,; thetainmathbb Qcap[0,pi] \
g(rcostheta, rsintheta) =r & quad textfor r>0,; thetainmathbb Qcap[pi,2pi] \
g(x,y) =0 & quadtexteverywhere else endalign $$






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$












  • $begingroup$
    Very nice examples. They show how easy is to break some continuity with additional dimensions while retaining enough of it to maintain connectedness of the graph. So I've added another case to the question, $f: mathbb R rightarrow mathbb R$, in which such methods won't work. Do you think a function in this case is possible, like the one that John Hughes is constructing?
    $endgroup$
    – Adam Latosiński
    15 mins ago



















0












$begingroup$

Not an answer



Great question, and I don't have an answer for you, but I've got some small thoughts:



By summing up weighted and displaced copies of $f$, you can get discontinuities at many places. For instance, you could write
$$
F(x) = sum_n in Bbb Z fracf(x-n)1+n^2
$$

That'll have an $f$-like discontinuity at every integer.



Digression
A comment asks whether the graph is still connected. Let me show that it is at $x = 1$ as an example, which should be reasonably compelling for other integer points. (For non-integer points, $F$ is continuous, so we're fine).



Write
beginalign
F(x) &= frac12 f(x-1) + sum_nne 1 in Bbb Z fracf(x-n)1+n^2\
&= frac12 f(x-1) + G_1(x)
endalign

where $G_1$ is a function that's continuous at $x = 1$.



Let's look at the graph of $F$ near $1$, say on the interval $(3/4, 5/4)$. It's exactly
$$
K = (x, frac12 f(x-1) + G_1(x)) mid 3/4 < x < 5/4
$$



Contrast this with the graph of $f$ near $0$, which is
$$
H = (x, f(x)) mid -1/4 < x < 1/4
$$

and which we know (from standard calculus books like Spivak) to be connected.



Now look at the function
$$
S : K to H : (x, y) mapsto (x-1, y - G_1(x))
$$

This is clearly continuous and a bijection (and even extends to a bijection from a (vertical) neighborhood of $K$ to a neighborhood of $H$), so $K$ is also connected.



End of digression



And then for numbers with finite base-2-expansions, you can do the same sort of thing: let
$$
G(x) = sum_k in Bbb Z, k > 0 frac12^k F(2^k x)
$$

and that'll have $f$-like discontinuities at all the points with finite base-2 representations, which is a dense set in $Bbb R$.



But I have a feeling that sliding over to the uncountable-set territory is going to be a lot harder.






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$












  • $begingroup$
    This is a good way to get functions which are discontinuous at many points, but are the graph of $F$ and and the graph of $G$ still connected?
    $endgroup$
    – Adam Chalumeau
    8 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    Well...they could only be disconnected at their points of discontinuity. And (for $F$ at least) at those points the graph is (roughly) the sum of something linear (the derivative approximation) and the graph of $f$; applying a shearing operation gets rid of the linear part, and you've got something a lot like the graph of $f$. I'll add details.
    $endgroup$
    – John Hughes
    7 hours ago






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    @AdamChalumeau: See "Digression" in which I prove that the graph of $F$ is nice. For $G$, it's presumably tougher..
    $endgroup$
    – John Hughes
    7 hours ago













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2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes








2 Answers
2






active

oldest

votes









active

oldest

votes






active

oldest

votes









6












$begingroup$

Here is an example for $mathbb R^2 to mathbb R$:



$$f(x,y) = begincases y & textwhen x=0text or x=1 \
x & textwhen xin(0,1)text and y=0 \
1-x &textwhen xin(0,1)text and y=x(1-x) \
x(1-x) & textwhen xnotin0,1text and y/x(1-x) notinmathbb Q \
0 & textotherwise endcases $$



This is easily seen to be everywhere discontinuous. But its graph is path-connected.




A similar but simpler construction, also $mathbb R^2tomathbb R$:



$$ beginalign g(1 + rcostheta, rsintheta) = r & quadtextfor r>0,; thetainmathbb Qcap[0,pi] \
g(rcostheta, rsintheta) =r & quad textfor r>0,; thetainmathbb Qcap[pi,2pi] \
g(x,y) =0 & quadtexteverywhere else endalign $$






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$












  • $begingroup$
    Very nice examples. They show how easy is to break some continuity with additional dimensions while retaining enough of it to maintain connectedness of the graph. So I've added another case to the question, $f: mathbb R rightarrow mathbb R$, in which such methods won't work. Do you think a function in this case is possible, like the one that John Hughes is constructing?
    $endgroup$
    – Adam Latosiński
    15 mins ago
















6












$begingroup$

Here is an example for $mathbb R^2 to mathbb R$:



$$f(x,y) = begincases y & textwhen x=0text or x=1 \
x & textwhen xin(0,1)text and y=0 \
1-x &textwhen xin(0,1)text and y=x(1-x) \
x(1-x) & textwhen xnotin0,1text and y/x(1-x) notinmathbb Q \
0 & textotherwise endcases $$



This is easily seen to be everywhere discontinuous. But its graph is path-connected.




A similar but simpler construction, also $mathbb R^2tomathbb R$:



$$ beginalign g(1 + rcostheta, rsintheta) = r & quadtextfor r>0,; thetainmathbb Qcap[0,pi] \
g(rcostheta, rsintheta) =r & quad textfor r>0,; thetainmathbb Qcap[pi,2pi] \
g(x,y) =0 & quadtexteverywhere else endalign $$






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$












  • $begingroup$
    Very nice examples. They show how easy is to break some continuity with additional dimensions while retaining enough of it to maintain connectedness of the graph. So I've added another case to the question, $f: mathbb R rightarrow mathbb R$, in which such methods won't work. Do you think a function in this case is possible, like the one that John Hughes is constructing?
    $endgroup$
    – Adam Latosiński
    15 mins ago














6












6








6





$begingroup$

Here is an example for $mathbb R^2 to mathbb R$:



$$f(x,y) = begincases y & textwhen x=0text or x=1 \
x & textwhen xin(0,1)text and y=0 \
1-x &textwhen xin(0,1)text and y=x(1-x) \
x(1-x) & textwhen xnotin0,1text and y/x(1-x) notinmathbb Q \
0 & textotherwise endcases $$



This is easily seen to be everywhere discontinuous. But its graph is path-connected.




A similar but simpler construction, also $mathbb R^2tomathbb R$:



$$ beginalign g(1 + rcostheta, rsintheta) = r & quadtextfor r>0,; thetainmathbb Qcap[0,pi] \
g(rcostheta, rsintheta) =r & quad textfor r>0,; thetainmathbb Qcap[pi,2pi] \
g(x,y) =0 & quadtexteverywhere else endalign $$






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$



Here is an example for $mathbb R^2 to mathbb R$:



$$f(x,y) = begincases y & textwhen x=0text or x=1 \
x & textwhen xin(0,1)text and y=0 \
1-x &textwhen xin(0,1)text and y=x(1-x) \
x(1-x) & textwhen xnotin0,1text and y/x(1-x) notinmathbb Q \
0 & textotherwise endcases $$



This is easily seen to be everywhere discontinuous. But its graph is path-connected.




A similar but simpler construction, also $mathbb R^2tomathbb R$:



$$ beginalign g(1 + rcostheta, rsintheta) = r & quadtextfor r>0,; thetainmathbb Qcap[0,pi] \
g(rcostheta, rsintheta) =r & quad textfor r>0,; thetainmathbb Qcap[pi,2pi] \
g(x,y) =0 & quadtexteverywhere else endalign $$







share|cite|improve this answer














share|cite|improve this answer



share|cite|improve this answer








edited 4 hours ago

























answered 8 hours ago









Henning MakholmHenning Makholm

250k17 gold badges327 silver badges568 bronze badges




250k17 gold badges327 silver badges568 bronze badges











  • $begingroup$
    Very nice examples. They show how easy is to break some continuity with additional dimensions while retaining enough of it to maintain connectedness of the graph. So I've added another case to the question, $f: mathbb R rightarrow mathbb R$, in which such methods won't work. Do you think a function in this case is possible, like the one that John Hughes is constructing?
    $endgroup$
    – Adam Latosiński
    15 mins ago

















  • $begingroup$
    Very nice examples. They show how easy is to break some continuity with additional dimensions while retaining enough of it to maintain connectedness of the graph. So I've added another case to the question, $f: mathbb R rightarrow mathbb R$, in which such methods won't work. Do you think a function in this case is possible, like the one that John Hughes is constructing?
    $endgroup$
    – Adam Latosiński
    15 mins ago
















$begingroup$
Very nice examples. They show how easy is to break some continuity with additional dimensions while retaining enough of it to maintain connectedness of the graph. So I've added another case to the question, $f: mathbb R rightarrow mathbb R$, in which such methods won't work. Do you think a function in this case is possible, like the one that John Hughes is constructing?
$endgroup$
– Adam Latosiński
15 mins ago





$begingroup$
Very nice examples. They show how easy is to break some continuity with additional dimensions while retaining enough of it to maintain connectedness of the graph. So I've added another case to the question, $f: mathbb R rightarrow mathbb R$, in which such methods won't work. Do you think a function in this case is possible, like the one that John Hughes is constructing?
$endgroup$
– Adam Latosiński
15 mins ago














0












$begingroup$

Not an answer



Great question, and I don't have an answer for you, but I've got some small thoughts:



By summing up weighted and displaced copies of $f$, you can get discontinuities at many places. For instance, you could write
$$
F(x) = sum_n in Bbb Z fracf(x-n)1+n^2
$$

That'll have an $f$-like discontinuity at every integer.



Digression
A comment asks whether the graph is still connected. Let me show that it is at $x = 1$ as an example, which should be reasonably compelling for other integer points. (For non-integer points, $F$ is continuous, so we're fine).



Write
beginalign
F(x) &= frac12 f(x-1) + sum_nne 1 in Bbb Z fracf(x-n)1+n^2\
&= frac12 f(x-1) + G_1(x)
endalign

where $G_1$ is a function that's continuous at $x = 1$.



Let's look at the graph of $F$ near $1$, say on the interval $(3/4, 5/4)$. It's exactly
$$
K = (x, frac12 f(x-1) + G_1(x)) mid 3/4 < x < 5/4
$$



Contrast this with the graph of $f$ near $0$, which is
$$
H = (x, f(x)) mid -1/4 < x < 1/4
$$

and which we know (from standard calculus books like Spivak) to be connected.



Now look at the function
$$
S : K to H : (x, y) mapsto (x-1, y - G_1(x))
$$

This is clearly continuous and a bijection (and even extends to a bijection from a (vertical) neighborhood of $K$ to a neighborhood of $H$), so $K$ is also connected.



End of digression



And then for numbers with finite base-2-expansions, you can do the same sort of thing: let
$$
G(x) = sum_k in Bbb Z, k > 0 frac12^k F(2^k x)
$$

and that'll have $f$-like discontinuities at all the points with finite base-2 representations, which is a dense set in $Bbb R$.



But I have a feeling that sliding over to the uncountable-set territory is going to be a lot harder.






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$












  • $begingroup$
    This is a good way to get functions which are discontinuous at many points, but are the graph of $F$ and and the graph of $G$ still connected?
    $endgroup$
    – Adam Chalumeau
    8 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    Well...they could only be disconnected at their points of discontinuity. And (for $F$ at least) at those points the graph is (roughly) the sum of something linear (the derivative approximation) and the graph of $f$; applying a shearing operation gets rid of the linear part, and you've got something a lot like the graph of $f$. I'll add details.
    $endgroup$
    – John Hughes
    7 hours ago






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    @AdamChalumeau: See "Digression" in which I prove that the graph of $F$ is nice. For $G$, it's presumably tougher..
    $endgroup$
    – John Hughes
    7 hours ago















0












$begingroup$

Not an answer



Great question, and I don't have an answer for you, but I've got some small thoughts:



By summing up weighted and displaced copies of $f$, you can get discontinuities at many places. For instance, you could write
$$
F(x) = sum_n in Bbb Z fracf(x-n)1+n^2
$$

That'll have an $f$-like discontinuity at every integer.



Digression
A comment asks whether the graph is still connected. Let me show that it is at $x = 1$ as an example, which should be reasonably compelling for other integer points. (For non-integer points, $F$ is continuous, so we're fine).



Write
beginalign
F(x) &= frac12 f(x-1) + sum_nne 1 in Bbb Z fracf(x-n)1+n^2\
&= frac12 f(x-1) + G_1(x)
endalign

where $G_1$ is a function that's continuous at $x = 1$.



Let's look at the graph of $F$ near $1$, say on the interval $(3/4, 5/4)$. It's exactly
$$
K = (x, frac12 f(x-1) + G_1(x)) mid 3/4 < x < 5/4
$$



Contrast this with the graph of $f$ near $0$, which is
$$
H = (x, f(x)) mid -1/4 < x < 1/4
$$

and which we know (from standard calculus books like Spivak) to be connected.



Now look at the function
$$
S : K to H : (x, y) mapsto (x-1, y - G_1(x))
$$

This is clearly continuous and a bijection (and even extends to a bijection from a (vertical) neighborhood of $K$ to a neighborhood of $H$), so $K$ is also connected.



End of digression



And then for numbers with finite base-2-expansions, you can do the same sort of thing: let
$$
G(x) = sum_k in Bbb Z, k > 0 frac12^k F(2^k x)
$$

and that'll have $f$-like discontinuities at all the points with finite base-2 representations, which is a dense set in $Bbb R$.



But I have a feeling that sliding over to the uncountable-set territory is going to be a lot harder.






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$












  • $begingroup$
    This is a good way to get functions which are discontinuous at many points, but are the graph of $F$ and and the graph of $G$ still connected?
    $endgroup$
    – Adam Chalumeau
    8 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    Well...they could only be disconnected at their points of discontinuity. And (for $F$ at least) at those points the graph is (roughly) the sum of something linear (the derivative approximation) and the graph of $f$; applying a shearing operation gets rid of the linear part, and you've got something a lot like the graph of $f$. I'll add details.
    $endgroup$
    – John Hughes
    7 hours ago






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    @AdamChalumeau: See "Digression" in which I prove that the graph of $F$ is nice. For $G$, it's presumably tougher..
    $endgroup$
    – John Hughes
    7 hours ago













0












0








0





$begingroup$

Not an answer



Great question, and I don't have an answer for you, but I've got some small thoughts:



By summing up weighted and displaced copies of $f$, you can get discontinuities at many places. For instance, you could write
$$
F(x) = sum_n in Bbb Z fracf(x-n)1+n^2
$$

That'll have an $f$-like discontinuity at every integer.



Digression
A comment asks whether the graph is still connected. Let me show that it is at $x = 1$ as an example, which should be reasonably compelling for other integer points. (For non-integer points, $F$ is continuous, so we're fine).



Write
beginalign
F(x) &= frac12 f(x-1) + sum_nne 1 in Bbb Z fracf(x-n)1+n^2\
&= frac12 f(x-1) + G_1(x)
endalign

where $G_1$ is a function that's continuous at $x = 1$.



Let's look at the graph of $F$ near $1$, say on the interval $(3/4, 5/4)$. It's exactly
$$
K = (x, frac12 f(x-1) + G_1(x)) mid 3/4 < x < 5/4
$$



Contrast this with the graph of $f$ near $0$, which is
$$
H = (x, f(x)) mid -1/4 < x < 1/4
$$

and which we know (from standard calculus books like Spivak) to be connected.



Now look at the function
$$
S : K to H : (x, y) mapsto (x-1, y - G_1(x))
$$

This is clearly continuous and a bijection (and even extends to a bijection from a (vertical) neighborhood of $K$ to a neighborhood of $H$), so $K$ is also connected.



End of digression



And then for numbers with finite base-2-expansions, you can do the same sort of thing: let
$$
G(x) = sum_k in Bbb Z, k > 0 frac12^k F(2^k x)
$$

and that'll have $f$-like discontinuities at all the points with finite base-2 representations, which is a dense set in $Bbb R$.



But I have a feeling that sliding over to the uncountable-set territory is going to be a lot harder.






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$



Not an answer



Great question, and I don't have an answer for you, but I've got some small thoughts:



By summing up weighted and displaced copies of $f$, you can get discontinuities at many places. For instance, you could write
$$
F(x) = sum_n in Bbb Z fracf(x-n)1+n^2
$$

That'll have an $f$-like discontinuity at every integer.



Digression
A comment asks whether the graph is still connected. Let me show that it is at $x = 1$ as an example, which should be reasonably compelling for other integer points. (For non-integer points, $F$ is continuous, so we're fine).



Write
beginalign
F(x) &= frac12 f(x-1) + sum_nne 1 in Bbb Z fracf(x-n)1+n^2\
&= frac12 f(x-1) + G_1(x)
endalign

where $G_1$ is a function that's continuous at $x = 1$.



Let's look at the graph of $F$ near $1$, say on the interval $(3/4, 5/4)$. It's exactly
$$
K = (x, frac12 f(x-1) + G_1(x)) mid 3/4 < x < 5/4
$$



Contrast this with the graph of $f$ near $0$, which is
$$
H = (x, f(x)) mid -1/4 < x < 1/4
$$

and which we know (from standard calculus books like Spivak) to be connected.



Now look at the function
$$
S : K to H : (x, y) mapsto (x-1, y - G_1(x))
$$

This is clearly continuous and a bijection (and even extends to a bijection from a (vertical) neighborhood of $K$ to a neighborhood of $H$), so $K$ is also connected.



End of digression



And then for numbers with finite base-2-expansions, you can do the same sort of thing: let
$$
G(x) = sum_k in Bbb Z, k > 0 frac12^k F(2^k x)
$$

and that'll have $f$-like discontinuities at all the points with finite base-2 representations, which is a dense set in $Bbb R$.



But I have a feeling that sliding over to the uncountable-set territory is going to be a lot harder.







share|cite|improve this answer














share|cite|improve this answer



share|cite|improve this answer








edited 7 hours ago

























answered 8 hours ago









John HughesJohn Hughes

67.2k2 gold badges44 silver badges97 bronze badges




67.2k2 gold badges44 silver badges97 bronze badges











  • $begingroup$
    This is a good way to get functions which are discontinuous at many points, but are the graph of $F$ and and the graph of $G$ still connected?
    $endgroup$
    – Adam Chalumeau
    8 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    Well...they could only be disconnected at their points of discontinuity. And (for $F$ at least) at those points the graph is (roughly) the sum of something linear (the derivative approximation) and the graph of $f$; applying a shearing operation gets rid of the linear part, and you've got something a lot like the graph of $f$. I'll add details.
    $endgroup$
    – John Hughes
    7 hours ago






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    @AdamChalumeau: See "Digression" in which I prove that the graph of $F$ is nice. For $G$, it's presumably tougher..
    $endgroup$
    – John Hughes
    7 hours ago
















  • $begingroup$
    This is a good way to get functions which are discontinuous at many points, but are the graph of $F$ and and the graph of $G$ still connected?
    $endgroup$
    – Adam Chalumeau
    8 hours ago










  • $begingroup$
    Well...they could only be disconnected at their points of discontinuity. And (for $F$ at least) at those points the graph is (roughly) the sum of something linear (the derivative approximation) and the graph of $f$; applying a shearing operation gets rid of the linear part, and you've got something a lot like the graph of $f$. I'll add details.
    $endgroup$
    – John Hughes
    7 hours ago






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    @AdamChalumeau: See "Digression" in which I prove that the graph of $F$ is nice. For $G$, it's presumably tougher..
    $endgroup$
    – John Hughes
    7 hours ago















$begingroup$
This is a good way to get functions which are discontinuous at many points, but are the graph of $F$ and and the graph of $G$ still connected?
$endgroup$
– Adam Chalumeau
8 hours ago




$begingroup$
This is a good way to get functions which are discontinuous at many points, but are the graph of $F$ and and the graph of $G$ still connected?
$endgroup$
– Adam Chalumeau
8 hours ago












$begingroup$
Well...they could only be disconnected at their points of discontinuity. And (for $F$ at least) at those points the graph is (roughly) the sum of something linear (the derivative approximation) and the graph of $f$; applying a shearing operation gets rid of the linear part, and you've got something a lot like the graph of $f$. I'll add details.
$endgroup$
– John Hughes
7 hours ago




$begingroup$
Well...they could only be disconnected at their points of discontinuity. And (for $F$ at least) at those points the graph is (roughly) the sum of something linear (the derivative approximation) and the graph of $f$; applying a shearing operation gets rid of the linear part, and you've got something a lot like the graph of $f$. I'll add details.
$endgroup$
– John Hughes
7 hours ago




1




1




$begingroup$
@AdamChalumeau: See "Digression" in which I prove that the graph of $F$ is nice. For $G$, it's presumably tougher..
$endgroup$
– John Hughes
7 hours ago




$begingroup$
@AdamChalumeau: See "Digression" in which I prove that the graph of $F$ is nice. For $G$, it's presumably tougher..
$endgroup$
– John Hughes
7 hours ago

















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