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長吻海蛇 目录 特徵 習性 分布 生物演變 分類 毒性 備註 參考資料 外部連結 导航菜单doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T176738A7293840.enCSL Antivenom Handbook - Sea Snake AntivenomSnakeBiteTemplate3.pmdTIGR爬蟲類資料庫:長吻海蛇屬Animal Diversity Web

IUCN无危物种海蛇科蛇亚目


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長吻海蛇




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長吻海蛇

長吻海蛇(P. platurus)
長吻海蛇(P. platurus


保护状况


Status iucn3.1 LC zh.svg
无危(IUCN 3.1)[1]


科學分類

















界:

動物界 Animalia

門:

脊索動物門 Chordata

綱:

爬蟲綱 Reptilia

目:

有鱗目 Squamata


亞目:

蛇亞目 Serpentes

科:

海蛇科 Hydrophiidae

屬:

海蛇屬 Hydrophis

種:

長吻海蛇 H. platurus


二名法

Hydrophis platurus
Linnaeus, 1766

Yellow-bellied sea snake range[1]
Yellow-bellied sea snake range[1]


異名


  • Anguis platura Linnaeus, 1766


  • Hydrus bicolor Schneider, 1799


  • Hydrophis platura – Latreille, 1801


  • Pelamis platuros – Daudin, 1803


  • Pelamis bicolor – Daudin, 1803


  • Hydrophis pelamis Schlegel, 1837


  • Pelamis ornata Gray, 1842


  • Pelamis platurus – Stoliczka, 1872


  • Hydrus platurus – Boulenger, 1890


  • Pelamydrus platurus – Schmidt & Davis, 1941


  • Pelamis platura – Böhme, 2003[2][3]

長吻海蛇(學名:Hydrophis platurus or Pelamis platura ),又稱黃腹海蛇黑背海蛇裂頰海蛇,是蛇亞目海蛇科下的一種,曾經隸屬於長吻海蛇屬下的唯一一種長吻海蛇( Pelamis platura),現在被分入海蛇屬,主要分布於世界上的熱帶海域,雖然沒被納入台灣六大毒蛇,但毫無疑問是台灣最毒的蛇,則台灣最毒的陸棲蛇則是雨傘節。




目录





  • 1 特徵


  • 2 習性


  • 3 分布


  • 4 生物演變


  • 5 分類


  • 6 毒性


  • 7 備註


  • 8 參考資料


  • 9 外部連結




特徵


長吻海蛇身體扁長,鱗片狀呈四邊型,身體最厚壯的地方約有49至67排鱗片圍列,腹鱗約有264至406片,鱗片細碎,橫鱗間有凹槽相間。頭部狹窄,鼻端尖長。身體顏色種類甚多,但多以雜色相陳,並以黑色、黃色或棕色為主。腹部與背鱗顏色有很大對比,腹部以黃色為基調,同時佈有一些黑色小斑點。雄性長吻海蛇體長約為72公分,雌蛇則為88公分;雄蛇尾部約長8公分,雌蛇則長9公分。



習性


長吻海蛇是卵胎生蛇類,在溫暖海洋中進行繁殖,雌蛇懷孕期為6個月左右。長吻海蛇不能於陸地上活動,牠們多出沒於海水中,有時更會聚集成千上萬條同類於水面上游弋。長吻海蛇能分泌神經毒素,經常用以獵殺魚類。目前未有人類被其咬傷中毒並引致死亡事件的報告。長吻海蛇出沒於太平洋海域,也是眾多海蛇中唯一會出沒於夏威夷群島的一種海蛇。[4]



分布




在紐西蘭奧克蘭凱利塔頓水底世界展示的長吻海蛇,與眼鏡蛇屬有緊密關係


長吻海蛇分布於印度洋、孟加拉灣、印度、巴基斯坦、馬爾代夫、馬來西亞一帶的太平洋海域(日本、南中國海、台灣、波斯灣);馬來半島海岸、印澳群島、新畿內亞、泰國灣、菲律賓、安達曼群島、韓國、俄羅斯、馬達加斯加、坦桑尼亞、澳洲(新南威爾士、北領地、昆士蘭、塔斯曼尼亞、維多利亞州、西澳州)、紐西蘭及所羅門群島等地區沿海,均可發現長吻海蛇的蹤影。[5]另外,美國加利福尼亞州橙縣及聖迭戈縣、新喀里多尼亞、墨西哥、瓜地馬拉、洪都拉斯、薩爾瓦多、尼加拉瓜、哥斯達黎加、巴拿馬、哥倫比亞、厄瓜多爾、秘魯及科隆群島亦有相當的分布量。



生物演變


長吻海蛇是世界上分布範圍最廣泛的海蛇,同時亦是唯一能畢生存活於海洋(甚至深海)中,並於海中進行繁殖的蛇類。長吻海蛇與亞洲及澳洲地區的陸地蛇類相當類似,彼此在血緣上有著緊密的關係。長吻海蛇對海水溫度的要求約為攝氏18 °C,但即使同樣有足夠溫度的海水,長吻海蛇仍只會活躍於亞洲、澳洲及印度洋海域,而不會出沒於大西洋或地中海一帶(嚴格來說所有海蛇皆然);這可能是因為南美洲與北美洲之間(巴拿馬附近)有一道經歷了數百萬年的大陸橋,將長吻海蛇通往大西洋的道路隔絕。另外,海蛇亦不會從南美洲或南非兩地的南端繞過陸地游至另一海域,這是因為上述兩洲的南端海水溫度均甚低,海蛇不堪其寒,因此並不會接近相關地方。[6]



分類


海蛇與澳洲一帶的有毒眼鏡蛇關係甚為密切,但目前在分類上仍被分作獨立的海蛇科。海蛇科下曾經有兩個亞科,分別是扁尾海蛇亞科(Laticaudinae)及海蛇亞科(Hydrophiinae),不過最近的研究認為這種分類方式有不恰當之處。[7]



毒性


雖然長吻海蛇擁有不容輕視的毒素,但相比於其他著名毒蛇(如內陸太攀蛇),長吻海蛇的毒素則尚算溫和。然而,縱使長吻海蛇的毒素烈度,但仍足以致命。[8]長吻海蛇的毒性約為埃及眼鏡蛇(Naja haje)的十倍,但其輸毒量卻遠低於埃及眼鏡蛇。在澳洲,海蛇甚少主動向人類發動咬擊。[9]


海蛇毒素能有效摧毀骨骼肌,伴隨產生肌紅蛋白尿症、神經肌肉麻痺或直接導致腎功能衰竭。澳洲聯邦血清實驗室(CSL Ltd)研究出一系列能有效中和部份海蛇毒素(專門針對鉤鼻海蛇)的血清,這種血清亦能中和長吻海蛇的蛇毒。[10]如果中了海蛇毒素而未能即時備有這種專用血清的話,則必須用上針對虎蛇用的血清。直至目前為止,在澳洲尚未有因被長吻海蛇所咬而致命的事件報告。[11][12]



備註




  1. ^ 1.01.1 Guinea, M., Lukoschek, V., Cogger, H., Rasmussen, A., Murphy, J., Lane, A., Sanders, K. Lobo, A., Gatus, J., Limpus, C., Milton, D., Courtney, T., Read, M., Fletcher, E., Marsh, D., White, M.-D., Heatwole, H., Alcala, A., Voris, H. & Karns, D. Pelamis platura. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010, 2010: e.T176738A7293840. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T176738A7293840.en. 


  2. ^ Boulenger, G.A. 1896. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the Colubridæ (Opisthoglyphæ and Proteroglyphæ)... Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). London. pp. 266–268.


  3. ^ The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.


  4. ^ Liptow, J. 1999. "Pelamis platurus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed June 23, 2007 at [1]


  5. ^ McCoy 2000


  6. ^ The New York Times, published 24 April 1984, article by Sandra Blakeslea http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9903E2DD1238F937A15757C0A962948260&sec=health&spon= Accessed May 2008


  7. ^ CSL Antivenom Handbook - Sea Snake Antivenom


  8. ^ http://www.susanscott.net/OceanWatch1999/jan18-99.html Susan Scott (marine biologist), "Ocean Watch" column, Honolulu Star-Bulletin


  9. ^ SnakeBiteTemplate3.pmd[失效連結]


  10. ^ http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/23/1/135 Published 1973. Accessed May 2008.


  11. ^ https://www.flyingdoctor.net/IgnitionSuite/uploads/docs/snakebite.pdf[失效連結] Management of snake bites in Australia and Papua New Guinea. Accessed May 2008


  12. ^ http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic543.htm Accessed May 2008



參考資料


  • Hecht, M. K., Kropach, C. and Hecht, B. M. 1974 Distribution of the yellow-bellied sea snake Pelamis platurus, and its significance in relation to the fossil record. Herpetologica 30: 387-395.

  • Kropach, C. 1975 The yellow-bellied sea snake, Pelamis, in the eastern Pacific. Pp. 185-213 in: Dunson, W., ed., The Biology of Sea Snakes. Univ. Park Press, Baltimore, xi + 530 pp.


外部連結



  • (英文)TIGR爬蟲類資料庫:長吻海蛇屬


  • (英文)Animal Diversity Web




取自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=長吻海蛇&oldid=52530156”










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