What does “in the course of” mean?Big corporation in the UK, Intellectual Property and a ContractWhat can I do if I signed an excessively restrictive contract?Does a non-disparagement clause in a settlement cover the oppositions attorney?What does payable in advance mean?Legality of absolving martial arts class of responsibility if injury or death occurs?Job Contract Copyright WaiverLegal syntax question in the Canadian Copyright ActInventions Assignment Agreement in CaliforniaAssignment of Inventions in Employment Contract for Software DevelopmentWhat does 'attach costs' mean?
How can a ban from entering the US be lifted?
Convert integer to full text string duration
What causes a fastener to lock?
Can you take the Dodge action while prone?
Sci-fi book (no magic, hyperspace jumps, blind protagonist)
Way to see all encrypted fields in Salesforce?
Is there a standard definition of the "stall" phenomena?
How important is it for multiple POVs to run chronologically?
How did the IEC decide to create kibibytes?
Sleepy tired vs physically tired
How to supply water to a coastal desert town with no rain and no freshwater aquifers?
Was I wrongfully denied boarding for having a Schengen visa issued from the second country on my itinerary?
Why do we need a bootloader separate from our application program in microcontrollers?
How frequently do Russian people still refer to others by their patronymic (отчество)?
Should I cheat if the majority does it?
Isn't "Dave's protocol" good if only the database, and not the code, is leaked?
Boss furious on bad appraisal
Is it possible to spoof an IP address to an exact number?
Are "confidant" and "confident" homophones?
Motorcyle Chain needs to be cleaned every time you lube it?
How to reclaim personal item I've lent to the office without burning bridges?
Bypass with wrong cvv of debit card and getting OTP
How would a sea turtle end up on its back?
Why do most airliners have underwing engines, while business jets have rear-mounted engines?
What does “in the course of” mean?
Big corporation in the UK, Intellectual Property and a ContractWhat can I do if I signed an excessively restrictive contract?Does a non-disparagement clause in a settlement cover the oppositions attorney?What does payable in advance mean?Legality of absolving martial arts class of responsibility if injury or death occurs?Job Contract Copyright WaiverLegal syntax question in the Canadian Copyright ActInventions Assignment Agreement in CaliforniaAssignment of Inventions in Employment Contract for Software DevelopmentWhat does 'attach costs' mean?
.everyoneloves__top-leaderboard:empty,.everyoneloves__mid-leaderboard:empty,.everyoneloves__bot-mid-leaderboard:empty margin-bottom:0;
I'm trying to decipher the Proprietary Rights section of a contract I've been asked to sign. Does "in the course of providing services" mean "during the same time as providing services" or "for the purpose of providing services" or something else?
I ask because I am a programmer who will be working on my own project during the same period as I am providing services to this Client, but after-hours and not for the same purpose or business. I want to make sure that what I create for myself I will own.
The full section states:
Any and all inventions, discoveries, improvements, software, intellectual property and other works of authorship or creations (collectively "Creations") which the Contractor or Contractor's Agents have conceived or made or may conceive or make in the course of providing Services that are related to or connected with Client's business activities shall be the sole and exclusive property of such Client.
contract-law contract legal-terms
New contributor
add a comment |
I'm trying to decipher the Proprietary Rights section of a contract I've been asked to sign. Does "in the course of providing services" mean "during the same time as providing services" or "for the purpose of providing services" or something else?
I ask because I am a programmer who will be working on my own project during the same period as I am providing services to this Client, but after-hours and not for the same purpose or business. I want to make sure that what I create for myself I will own.
The full section states:
Any and all inventions, discoveries, improvements, software, intellectual property and other works of authorship or creations (collectively "Creations") which the Contractor or Contractor's Agents have conceived or made or may conceive or make in the course of providing Services that are related to or connected with Client's business activities shall be the sole and exclusive property of such Client.
contract-law contract legal-terms
New contributor
add a comment |
I'm trying to decipher the Proprietary Rights section of a contract I've been asked to sign. Does "in the course of providing services" mean "during the same time as providing services" or "for the purpose of providing services" or something else?
I ask because I am a programmer who will be working on my own project during the same period as I am providing services to this Client, but after-hours and not for the same purpose or business. I want to make sure that what I create for myself I will own.
The full section states:
Any and all inventions, discoveries, improvements, software, intellectual property and other works of authorship or creations (collectively "Creations") which the Contractor or Contractor's Agents have conceived or made or may conceive or make in the course of providing Services that are related to or connected with Client's business activities shall be the sole and exclusive property of such Client.
contract-law contract legal-terms
New contributor
I'm trying to decipher the Proprietary Rights section of a contract I've been asked to sign. Does "in the course of providing services" mean "during the same time as providing services" or "for the purpose of providing services" or something else?
I ask because I am a programmer who will be working on my own project during the same period as I am providing services to this Client, but after-hours and not for the same purpose or business. I want to make sure that what I create for myself I will own.
The full section states:
Any and all inventions, discoveries, improvements, software, intellectual property and other works of authorship or creations (collectively "Creations") which the Contractor or Contractor's Agents have conceived or made or may conceive or make in the course of providing Services that are related to or connected with Client's business activities shall be the sole and exclusive property of such Client.
contract-law contract legal-terms
contract-law contract legal-terms
New contributor
New contributor
edited 1 hour ago
adam0101
New contributor
asked 8 hours ago
adam0101adam0101
1135 bronze badges
1135 bronze badges
New contributor
New contributor
add a comment |
add a comment |
1 Answer
1
active
oldest
votes
Does "in the course of providing services" mean "during the same time
as providing services" or "for the purpose of providing services" or
something else?
I ask because I am a programmer who will be working on my own project
during the same period as I am providing services to this Client, but
after-hours and not for the same purpose or business. I want to make
sure that what I create for myself I will own.
The best definitions that come to mind off the cuff are "related to" and "in connection with", and both of those phrases appear in the same sentence, so that is quite close to the mark.
Black's Law Dictionary (5th edition 1979) (from my har copy edition) defines "in the course of employment" as follows (citation omitted):
The phase "in the course of" employment, as used in worker's
compensation acts, related to time, place and circumstances under
which accident occurred, and means injury happened while worker was at
work in his or her employer's service.
Dictionary.com defines "in the course of" as:
during the course of. In the process or progress of
The best definition I gleaned from relevant case law is as follows:
[A]n invention made or conceived in performing, or as a
result of performing, the work required by a contract is made or
conceived "in the course of" that contract. That would be true even
though the invention was not specifically sought in the terms of the
contract. An invention is made or conceived "under" a contract when it
is made or conceived during the life of the contract and the invention
is, in whole or in part, specifically provided for by that contract.
Fitch v. Atomic Energy Commn., 491 F.2d 1392, 1395 (Cust. & Pat. App. 1974).
The law which forms the background against which the contract term in question is drafted is discussed in the following language from a Federal Circuit patent law case:
The general rule is that an individual owns the patent rights to the
subject matter of which he is an inventor, even though he conceived it
or reduced it to practice in the course of his employment. There are
two exceptions to this rule: first, an employer owns an employee's
invention if the employee is a party to an express contract to that
effect; second, where an employee is hired to invent something or
solve a particular problem, the property of the invention related to
this effort may belong to the employer. Both exceptions are firmly
grounded in the principles of contract law that allow parties to
freely structure their transactions and obtain the benefit of any
bargains reached.
Banks v. Unisys Corp., 228 F.3d 1357, 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2000).
A similar contact is applied in the case Greene v. Ablon, 794 F.3d 133, 142 (1st Cir. 2015), but the term was not defined or disputed in that case. This case is still useful, however, for purposes of seeing the kind of issues that are typically raised in a case like this one and to assure yourself that the contract probably is enforceable.
For the purposes of this question, the difference between an employee and an independent contractor is immaterial.
Thanks. If I understand you correctly, with the terms as-is, they would be able to gain the rights to anything that I work on during life of the contract. If I asked them to change the wording from "in the course of providing Services" to "for the purpose of providing Services", do you think that would be sufficient for me to preserve the rights to my own project?
– adam0101
7 hours ago
@adam0101 Hard to know.
– ohwilleke
2 hours ago
Thanks for your help. I got the contract revised to say "for the purpose of providing Services". I'm going to sign and hope that it's good enough. Still, even though it's hard to know, I'm curious what your best guess would be.
– adam0101
1 hour ago
add a comment |
Your Answer
StackExchange.ready(function()
var channelOptions =
tags: "".split(" "),
id: "617"
;
initTagRenderer("".split(" "), "".split(" "), channelOptions);
StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function()
// Have to fire editor after snippets, if snippets enabled
if (StackExchange.settings.snippets.snippetsEnabled)
StackExchange.using("snippets", function()
createEditor();
);
else
createEditor();
);
function createEditor()
StackExchange.prepareEditor(
heartbeatType: 'answer',
autoActivateHeartbeat: false,
convertImagesToLinks: false,
noModals: true,
showLowRepImageUploadWarning: true,
reputationToPostImages: null,
bindNavPrevention: true,
postfix: "",
imageUploader:
brandingHtml: "Powered by u003ca class="icon-imgur-white" href="https://imgur.com/"u003eu003c/au003e",
contentPolicyHtml: "User contributions licensed under u003ca href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"u003ecc by-sa 3.0 with attribution requiredu003c/au003e u003ca href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal/content-policy"u003e(content policy)u003c/au003e",
allowUrls: true
,
noCode: true, onDemand: true,
discardSelector: ".discard-answer"
,immediatelyShowMarkdownHelp:true
);
);
adam0101 is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function ()
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
);
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
StackExchange.ready(
function ()
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2flaw.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f42614%2fwhat-does-in-the-course-of-mean%23new-answer', 'question_page');
);
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
1 Answer
1
active
oldest
votes
1 Answer
1
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
Does "in the course of providing services" mean "during the same time
as providing services" or "for the purpose of providing services" or
something else?
I ask because I am a programmer who will be working on my own project
during the same period as I am providing services to this Client, but
after-hours and not for the same purpose or business. I want to make
sure that what I create for myself I will own.
The best definitions that come to mind off the cuff are "related to" and "in connection with", and both of those phrases appear in the same sentence, so that is quite close to the mark.
Black's Law Dictionary (5th edition 1979) (from my har copy edition) defines "in the course of employment" as follows (citation omitted):
The phase "in the course of" employment, as used in worker's
compensation acts, related to time, place and circumstances under
which accident occurred, and means injury happened while worker was at
work in his or her employer's service.
Dictionary.com defines "in the course of" as:
during the course of. In the process or progress of
The best definition I gleaned from relevant case law is as follows:
[A]n invention made or conceived in performing, or as a
result of performing, the work required by a contract is made or
conceived "in the course of" that contract. That would be true even
though the invention was not specifically sought in the terms of the
contract. An invention is made or conceived "under" a contract when it
is made or conceived during the life of the contract and the invention
is, in whole or in part, specifically provided for by that contract.
Fitch v. Atomic Energy Commn., 491 F.2d 1392, 1395 (Cust. & Pat. App. 1974).
The law which forms the background against which the contract term in question is drafted is discussed in the following language from a Federal Circuit patent law case:
The general rule is that an individual owns the patent rights to the
subject matter of which he is an inventor, even though he conceived it
or reduced it to practice in the course of his employment. There are
two exceptions to this rule: first, an employer owns an employee's
invention if the employee is a party to an express contract to that
effect; second, where an employee is hired to invent something or
solve a particular problem, the property of the invention related to
this effort may belong to the employer. Both exceptions are firmly
grounded in the principles of contract law that allow parties to
freely structure their transactions and obtain the benefit of any
bargains reached.
Banks v. Unisys Corp., 228 F.3d 1357, 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2000).
A similar contact is applied in the case Greene v. Ablon, 794 F.3d 133, 142 (1st Cir. 2015), but the term was not defined or disputed in that case. This case is still useful, however, for purposes of seeing the kind of issues that are typically raised in a case like this one and to assure yourself that the contract probably is enforceable.
For the purposes of this question, the difference between an employee and an independent contractor is immaterial.
Thanks. If I understand you correctly, with the terms as-is, they would be able to gain the rights to anything that I work on during life of the contract. If I asked them to change the wording from "in the course of providing Services" to "for the purpose of providing Services", do you think that would be sufficient for me to preserve the rights to my own project?
– adam0101
7 hours ago
@adam0101 Hard to know.
– ohwilleke
2 hours ago
Thanks for your help. I got the contract revised to say "for the purpose of providing Services". I'm going to sign and hope that it's good enough. Still, even though it's hard to know, I'm curious what your best guess would be.
– adam0101
1 hour ago
add a comment |
Does "in the course of providing services" mean "during the same time
as providing services" or "for the purpose of providing services" or
something else?
I ask because I am a programmer who will be working on my own project
during the same period as I am providing services to this Client, but
after-hours and not for the same purpose or business. I want to make
sure that what I create for myself I will own.
The best definitions that come to mind off the cuff are "related to" and "in connection with", and both of those phrases appear in the same sentence, so that is quite close to the mark.
Black's Law Dictionary (5th edition 1979) (from my har copy edition) defines "in the course of employment" as follows (citation omitted):
The phase "in the course of" employment, as used in worker's
compensation acts, related to time, place and circumstances under
which accident occurred, and means injury happened while worker was at
work in his or her employer's service.
Dictionary.com defines "in the course of" as:
during the course of. In the process or progress of
The best definition I gleaned from relevant case law is as follows:
[A]n invention made or conceived in performing, or as a
result of performing, the work required by a contract is made or
conceived "in the course of" that contract. That would be true even
though the invention was not specifically sought in the terms of the
contract. An invention is made or conceived "under" a contract when it
is made or conceived during the life of the contract and the invention
is, in whole or in part, specifically provided for by that contract.
Fitch v. Atomic Energy Commn., 491 F.2d 1392, 1395 (Cust. & Pat. App. 1974).
The law which forms the background against which the contract term in question is drafted is discussed in the following language from a Federal Circuit patent law case:
The general rule is that an individual owns the patent rights to the
subject matter of which he is an inventor, even though he conceived it
or reduced it to practice in the course of his employment. There are
two exceptions to this rule: first, an employer owns an employee's
invention if the employee is a party to an express contract to that
effect; second, where an employee is hired to invent something or
solve a particular problem, the property of the invention related to
this effort may belong to the employer. Both exceptions are firmly
grounded in the principles of contract law that allow parties to
freely structure their transactions and obtain the benefit of any
bargains reached.
Banks v. Unisys Corp., 228 F.3d 1357, 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2000).
A similar contact is applied in the case Greene v. Ablon, 794 F.3d 133, 142 (1st Cir. 2015), but the term was not defined or disputed in that case. This case is still useful, however, for purposes of seeing the kind of issues that are typically raised in a case like this one and to assure yourself that the contract probably is enforceable.
For the purposes of this question, the difference between an employee and an independent contractor is immaterial.
Thanks. If I understand you correctly, with the terms as-is, they would be able to gain the rights to anything that I work on during life of the contract. If I asked them to change the wording from "in the course of providing Services" to "for the purpose of providing Services", do you think that would be sufficient for me to preserve the rights to my own project?
– adam0101
7 hours ago
@adam0101 Hard to know.
– ohwilleke
2 hours ago
Thanks for your help. I got the contract revised to say "for the purpose of providing Services". I'm going to sign and hope that it's good enough. Still, even though it's hard to know, I'm curious what your best guess would be.
– adam0101
1 hour ago
add a comment |
Does "in the course of providing services" mean "during the same time
as providing services" or "for the purpose of providing services" or
something else?
I ask because I am a programmer who will be working on my own project
during the same period as I am providing services to this Client, but
after-hours and not for the same purpose or business. I want to make
sure that what I create for myself I will own.
The best definitions that come to mind off the cuff are "related to" and "in connection with", and both of those phrases appear in the same sentence, so that is quite close to the mark.
Black's Law Dictionary (5th edition 1979) (from my har copy edition) defines "in the course of employment" as follows (citation omitted):
The phase "in the course of" employment, as used in worker's
compensation acts, related to time, place and circumstances under
which accident occurred, and means injury happened while worker was at
work in his or her employer's service.
Dictionary.com defines "in the course of" as:
during the course of. In the process or progress of
The best definition I gleaned from relevant case law is as follows:
[A]n invention made or conceived in performing, or as a
result of performing, the work required by a contract is made or
conceived "in the course of" that contract. That would be true even
though the invention was not specifically sought in the terms of the
contract. An invention is made or conceived "under" a contract when it
is made or conceived during the life of the contract and the invention
is, in whole or in part, specifically provided for by that contract.
Fitch v. Atomic Energy Commn., 491 F.2d 1392, 1395 (Cust. & Pat. App. 1974).
The law which forms the background against which the contract term in question is drafted is discussed in the following language from a Federal Circuit patent law case:
The general rule is that an individual owns the patent rights to the
subject matter of which he is an inventor, even though he conceived it
or reduced it to practice in the course of his employment. There are
two exceptions to this rule: first, an employer owns an employee's
invention if the employee is a party to an express contract to that
effect; second, where an employee is hired to invent something or
solve a particular problem, the property of the invention related to
this effort may belong to the employer. Both exceptions are firmly
grounded in the principles of contract law that allow parties to
freely structure their transactions and obtain the benefit of any
bargains reached.
Banks v. Unisys Corp., 228 F.3d 1357, 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2000).
A similar contact is applied in the case Greene v. Ablon, 794 F.3d 133, 142 (1st Cir. 2015), but the term was not defined or disputed in that case. This case is still useful, however, for purposes of seeing the kind of issues that are typically raised in a case like this one and to assure yourself that the contract probably is enforceable.
For the purposes of this question, the difference between an employee and an independent contractor is immaterial.
Does "in the course of providing services" mean "during the same time
as providing services" or "for the purpose of providing services" or
something else?
I ask because I am a programmer who will be working on my own project
during the same period as I am providing services to this Client, but
after-hours and not for the same purpose or business. I want to make
sure that what I create for myself I will own.
The best definitions that come to mind off the cuff are "related to" and "in connection with", and both of those phrases appear in the same sentence, so that is quite close to the mark.
Black's Law Dictionary (5th edition 1979) (from my har copy edition) defines "in the course of employment" as follows (citation omitted):
The phase "in the course of" employment, as used in worker's
compensation acts, related to time, place and circumstances under
which accident occurred, and means injury happened while worker was at
work in his or her employer's service.
Dictionary.com defines "in the course of" as:
during the course of. In the process or progress of
The best definition I gleaned from relevant case law is as follows:
[A]n invention made or conceived in performing, or as a
result of performing, the work required by a contract is made or
conceived "in the course of" that contract. That would be true even
though the invention was not specifically sought in the terms of the
contract. An invention is made or conceived "under" a contract when it
is made or conceived during the life of the contract and the invention
is, in whole or in part, specifically provided for by that contract.
Fitch v. Atomic Energy Commn., 491 F.2d 1392, 1395 (Cust. & Pat. App. 1974).
The law which forms the background against which the contract term in question is drafted is discussed in the following language from a Federal Circuit patent law case:
The general rule is that an individual owns the patent rights to the
subject matter of which he is an inventor, even though he conceived it
or reduced it to practice in the course of his employment. There are
two exceptions to this rule: first, an employer owns an employee's
invention if the employee is a party to an express contract to that
effect; second, where an employee is hired to invent something or
solve a particular problem, the property of the invention related to
this effort may belong to the employer. Both exceptions are firmly
grounded in the principles of contract law that allow parties to
freely structure their transactions and obtain the benefit of any
bargains reached.
Banks v. Unisys Corp., 228 F.3d 1357, 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2000).
A similar contact is applied in the case Greene v. Ablon, 794 F.3d 133, 142 (1st Cir. 2015), but the term was not defined or disputed in that case. This case is still useful, however, for purposes of seeing the kind of issues that are typically raised in a case like this one and to assure yourself that the contract probably is enforceable.
For the purposes of this question, the difference between an employee and an independent contractor is immaterial.
edited 7 hours ago
answered 7 hours ago
ohwillekeohwilleke
56.5k2 gold badges66 silver badges146 bronze badges
56.5k2 gold badges66 silver badges146 bronze badges
Thanks. If I understand you correctly, with the terms as-is, they would be able to gain the rights to anything that I work on during life of the contract. If I asked them to change the wording from "in the course of providing Services" to "for the purpose of providing Services", do you think that would be sufficient for me to preserve the rights to my own project?
– adam0101
7 hours ago
@adam0101 Hard to know.
– ohwilleke
2 hours ago
Thanks for your help. I got the contract revised to say "for the purpose of providing Services". I'm going to sign and hope that it's good enough. Still, even though it's hard to know, I'm curious what your best guess would be.
– adam0101
1 hour ago
add a comment |
Thanks. If I understand you correctly, with the terms as-is, they would be able to gain the rights to anything that I work on during life of the contract. If I asked them to change the wording from "in the course of providing Services" to "for the purpose of providing Services", do you think that would be sufficient for me to preserve the rights to my own project?
– adam0101
7 hours ago
@adam0101 Hard to know.
– ohwilleke
2 hours ago
Thanks for your help. I got the contract revised to say "for the purpose of providing Services". I'm going to sign and hope that it's good enough. Still, even though it's hard to know, I'm curious what your best guess would be.
– adam0101
1 hour ago
Thanks. If I understand you correctly, with the terms as-is, they would be able to gain the rights to anything that I work on during life of the contract. If I asked them to change the wording from "in the course of providing Services" to "for the purpose of providing Services", do you think that would be sufficient for me to preserve the rights to my own project?
– adam0101
7 hours ago
Thanks. If I understand you correctly, with the terms as-is, they would be able to gain the rights to anything that I work on during life of the contract. If I asked them to change the wording from "in the course of providing Services" to "for the purpose of providing Services", do you think that would be sufficient for me to preserve the rights to my own project?
– adam0101
7 hours ago
@adam0101 Hard to know.
– ohwilleke
2 hours ago
@adam0101 Hard to know.
– ohwilleke
2 hours ago
Thanks for your help. I got the contract revised to say "for the purpose of providing Services". I'm going to sign and hope that it's good enough. Still, even though it's hard to know, I'm curious what your best guess would be.
– adam0101
1 hour ago
Thanks for your help. I got the contract revised to say "for the purpose of providing Services". I'm going to sign and hope that it's good enough. Still, even though it's hard to know, I'm curious what your best guess would be.
– adam0101
1 hour ago
add a comment |
adam0101 is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.
adam0101 is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.
adam0101 is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.
adam0101 is a new contributor. Be nice, and check out our Code of Conduct.
Thanks for contributing an answer to Law Stack Exchange!
- Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!
But avoid …
- Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.
- Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.
To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function ()
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
);
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
StackExchange.ready(
function ()
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2flaw.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f42614%2fwhat-does-in-the-course-of-mean%23new-answer', 'question_page');
);
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function ()
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
);
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function ()
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
);
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function ()
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
);
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown